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InfoMagic Standards 1994 January
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InfoMagic Standards - January 1994.iso
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1988
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1991-12-12
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.rs
.\" Troff code generated by TPS Convert from ITU Original Files
.\" Not Copyright ( c) 1991
.\"
.\" Assumes tbl, eqn, MS macros, and lots of luck.
.TA 1c 2c 3c 4c 5c 6c 7c 8c
.ds CH
.ds CF
.EQ
delim @@
.EN
.nr LL 40.5P
.nr ll 40.5P
.nr HM 3P
.nr FM 6P
.nr PO 4P
.nr PD 9p
.po 4P
.rs
\v | 5i'
.IP
\fB3.4\ \fR \fBCarrier systems on 1.2/4.4\ mm coaxial cable pairs\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.339\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fB12\ MHz\ VALVE\(hyTYPE\ SYSTEMS\ ON\ STANDARDIZED | fR \fB2.6/9.5\ mm\
COAXIAL\ CABLE\ PAIRS\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.339''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.339 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
(For the text of this Recommendation, see Vol. III
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
of the \fIOrange Book\fR , Geneva, 1976)
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
The Recommendations in this sub\(hysection relate to systems set up on
1.2/4.4\ mm coaxial cable pairs in conformity with Recommendation\ G.622.
These systems, which are all equipped with transistorized amplifiers, may
be
classified in two families, according to whether the distance between the
repeaters is a multiple of 3\ km or 2\ km.
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
.PP
The first family comprises 1.3 MHz systems having repeaters with 6\ km
spacing and 6\ MHz systems.
.PP
The second family comprises 1.3 MHz systems having repeaters with 8\ km
spacing, 4\ MHz systems, 12\ MHz systems and 18\ MHz systems.
.PP
The main characteristics of these systems and the Recommendations in which
they are to be found are given in the Table below.
.RT
.LP
.sp 4
.ce
\fBH.T. [T1.339]\fR
.TS
box center ;
lw(12p) | lw(36p) | lw(36p) | lw(36p) | lw(36p) | lw(36p) | lw(36p) .
1.3 MHz 6 km approx. 60 to 1300 kHz approx. 5 no G.341
6 MHz 3 km approx. 0.06 to 5.6 MHz approx. 20 or 21 no G.344
1.3 MHz 8 km approx. 60 to 1300 kHz approx. 5 no G.341
4 MHz 4 km approx. 0.06 to 4 MHz approx. 15 or 16 no G.343
12 MHz 2 km approx. 0.3 to 12.4 MHz approx. 45 yes G.345
18 MHz 2 km approx. 0.3 to 17.5 MHz approx. 60 yes G.346
.TE
\fBMONTAGE:\fR
\ \ \ \ First family\ \ \ \ Second family
.nr PS 9
.RT
.ad r
\fBTABLE [T1.339], p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.341\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fB1.3\ MHz\ SYSTEMS\ ON\ STANDARDIZED\ 1.2/4.4\ mm | fR \fBCOAXIAL\ CABLE\
PAIRS\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.341''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.341 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fI(amended at Geneva, 1964; further amended)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
\fBPreliminary note\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The present Recommendation describes two types of systems on
coaxial cable pairs providing 300\ telephone channels in the approximate
frequency band\ 0.06 to 1.3\ MHz. The length of the elementary cable section
is about 6\ km for the first type of system and about 8\ km for the second.
The
first is to be preferred when it is planned to equip the cable with 6\ MHz
repeaters later on, the second when it is planned to install systems belonging
to the other family on the cable later on, i.e. the 4\ MHz system, 12\
MHz system or 18\ MHz system.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB1\fR \fBLine frequencies\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The system will carry 300 telephony channels, transmitted to
line:
.RT
.LP
\(em
either between 60\ kHz and 1300 kHz as supergroups Nos. 1\(hy5 of the
4\ MHz system (Fig
ure\ 1\ \fIa)\fR /G.341);
.LP
\(em
or between 64 kHz and 1296 kHz as a mastergroup with erect
channel sidebands (Figure\ 1\ \fIb)\fR /G.341).
.LP
.rs
.sp 24P
.ad r
\fBFigure\ 1/G.341, p.2\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB2\fR \fBPilots\fR \fBand additional measuring frequencies\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.1
\fILine\(hyregulating pilots\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The CCITT recommends that 1364\ kHz be used for the main
line\(hyregulating pilot on all regulated\(hyline sections crossing a frontier.
The main line\(hyregulating pilot is used for automatic correction of cable
attenuation with the temperature.
.bp
.PP
In any regulated\(hyline section crossing a frontier, it is recommended
that in both directions of transmission the Administration on the transmitting
side permanently transmit an auxiliary line\(hyregulating pilot at 60\
or 308\ kHz, as the Administration on the receiving side may choose, so
as to provide for
additional regulation, for example.
.PP
The frequency accuracy recommended for the pilots is
\(+- | \ \(mu\ 10\uD\dlF261\u5\d.
.PP
The power level of these pilots should be adjusted at the output of
the transmit amplifier to have a nominal value of \(em10\ dBm0. The harmonics
of
the 60 and 308\ kHz pilots should each have a level not higher than
\(em70\ dBm0.
.RT
.PP
The tolerances for this level are the same as in
Recommendation\ G.332, \(sc\ 2.1.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Some systems in use employ a pilot at \(em1.2\ Nm0.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.2
\fIFrequency\(hycomparison pilots\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
.PP
For national frequency comparison, it is recommended that a 60\ or 308\
kHz pilot be used. Should international frequency comparison appear
desirable, the Administrations concerned will reach agreement on which
of these two frequencies they will use.
.PP
The power level of a frequency\(hycomparison pilot should be adjusted at
the output of the transmit amplifier, to a nominal value of \(em10\ dBm0.
The
harmonics of the frequency\(hycomparison pilots should each have a level not
higher than \(em70\ dBm0.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.3
\fIAdditional measuring frequencies\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Frequencies that can be used as additional measuring frequencies
are as follows:
.RT
.LP
\(em
supergroups\ Nos.\ 1 to\ 5 frequency allocation: (60), (308),
556, 808, 1056, 1304\ kHz;
.LP
\(em
mastergroup frequency allocation: (60), (308), 804, 1052,
1304\ kHz.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ One of the two frequencies in brackets will be used
for the auxiliary line\(hyregulating pilot.
.PP
The power level of these additional measuring frequencies should be
adjusted, at the output of the transmit amplifier, to have a nominal value
of \(em10\ dBm0. The harmonics of the additional measuring frequencies
below 650\ kHz should each have a level at this point not higher than \(em70\
dBm0.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Some systems in use employ additional pilots at \(em1.2\
Nm0.
.PP
The additional measuring frequencies should not be permanently
transmitted. They will be transmitted only for as long as is necessary for
actual measurement purposes.
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB3\fR \fBHypothetical reference circuit\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The CCITT has defined two hypothetical reference circuits, one for supergroup
arrangement and the other for mastergroup arrangement. Both are
2500\ km long and are divided into nine homogeneous sections of 280\ km
each.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
3.1
\fIHypothetical reference circuit used in supergroup\fR
\fIarrangement\fR
.FS
This hypothetical reference circuit is also used for 4\ MHz
and 6\ MHz systems transmitting supergroups on 1.2/4.4\ mm coaxial pairs
and for systems providing two supergroups on symmetric pairs.
.FE
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
This hypothetical reference circuit (see Figure\ 2/G.341) has, for each
direction of transmission, a total of:
.RT
.LP
\(em
three pairs of channel modulators, each pair including
translation from the audio\(hyfrequency band to the basic group and
vice versa;
.LP
\(em
six pairs of group modulators, each pair including
translation from the basic group to the basic supergroup and vice
versa;
.LP
\(em
nine pairs of supergroup modulators, each pair including
translation from the basic supergroup to the frequency band
transmitted on the coaxial cable and vice versa.
.bp
.PP
It will be seen that there is a total of 18 modulations and
18\ demodulations for each direction of transmission, assuming that each
modulation or demodulation is carried out in a single stage.
.LP
.rs
.sp 10P
.ad r
\fBFigure 2/G.341, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
3.2
\fIHypothetical reference circuit used in mastergroup arrangement\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
This hypothetical reference circuit (see Figure\ 3/G.341) has, for each
direction of transmission, a total of:
.RT
.LP
\(em
three pairs of channel modulators, each pair including
translation from the audio\(hyfrequency band to the basic group and
vice versa;
.LP
\(em
three pairs of group modulators, each pair including
translation from the basic group to the basic supergroup and vice
versa;
.LP
\(em
six pairs of supergroup modulators, each pair including
translation from the basic supergroup to the frequency band of
the basic mastergroup and vice versa;
.LP
\(em
nine pairs of mastergroup modulators, each pair including
translation from the basic mastergroup to the frequency band
transmitted on the coaxial cable and vice versa.
.LP
.rs
.sp 12P
.ad r
\fBFigure 3/G.341, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB4\fR \fBCircuit noise\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The general target noise values for cable systems (see
Recommendation\ G.222) apply also to systems on 1.2/4.4\ mm coaxial pairs,
with the conditions given in Recommendation\ G.223.
.PP
In practice, it is sufficient to check by calculation that, for every telephone
channel as defined by the relevant hypothetical reference circuit,
the mean psophometric power at the end of the channel, referred to a zero
relative level point, does not exceed 10 | 00\ pW0p during any period of one
hour.
.bp
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB5\fR \fBMatching of the coaxial pair impedance and the repeater
impedances\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The sum\ \fIN\fR of three terms defined in Recommendation\ G.332, \(sc\ 5
must be at least equal to:
.RT
.LP
\(em
54\ dB for a 6 km elementary cable section;
.LP
\(em
52\ dB for an 8 km elementary cable section.
.LP
.PP
These figures have been calculated so as to get a ripple in the
attenuation/frequency characteristic not exceeding\ 0.8\ dB at the end of a
homogeneous section 280\ km long. It has been assumed that the reflected
currents add in phase in all the elementary cable sections of this homogeneous
section (the spacing of the buried repeaters, on a small coaxial pair,
generally being very regular). In addition, it has been assumed that it is
highly improbable that a telephone channel will be on more than one homogeneous
section of the hypothetical reference circuit in the lower part of the
band of line frequencies. At higher frequencies, \fIN\fR \ should be well
above the limit.
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB6\fR \fBRelative levels and interconnection\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
6.1
\fIRelative levels and cabling loss for any repeater section\fR \v'3p'
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
6.1.1
The loss on any 6 km elementary cable section should be 35\ dB at
1300\ kHz. The relative power level at the input of the cable section (output
of the repeater equipment) should be \(em13\ dBr at 1300\ kHz. Each Administration
may so select the pre\(hyemphasis characteristic that the level at this
point and at frequency 60\ kHz lies in the range \(em18 to \(em28\ dBr.
.LP
.PP
6.1.2
The nominal loss on any 8\ km elementary cable section should be 49\ dB
at 1300\ kHz. The relative levels at the input of any cable section are
not strictly standardized, values of \(em3.5\ dBr and\ \(em4.3\ dBr at
the top channel are being used in connection with pre\(hyemphasis values
of 9\ dB and\ 10\ dB
respectively.
.sp 9p
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
6.2
\fIFrontier section\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
For interconnection between two systems using different
pre\(hyemphasis characteristics, unless there are special arrangements
between the Administrations concerned, the following recommendation will
be applied:
.RT
.PP
6.2.1
In a 6\ km elementary cable section crossing a frontier, the level at the
end of the cable section (input of the repeater equipment) should
be equal to \(em48\ dBr at 1300\ kHz.
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
As it may be necessary to insert equipment at the frontier
crossing to eliminate the monitoring or fault\(hylocating frequencies used
in each country or to terminate the remote power supply section, it is
possible that
the sending relative power level at 1300\ kHz may be less than \(em13\
dBr. It is
then necessary that the frontier section should be less than 6\ km long.
If the mdifference between the pre\(hyemphasis characteristics used in
both countries
.LP
is too great to be compensated for in this way, one of the Administrations
Administrations concerned, chosen by mutual agreement, will have to make
up for this difference at the attended receiving station on its territory
which lies closest to the frontier.
.PP
6.2.2
For interconnection between two different systems of this type
with 8\(hykm elementary cable sections, the relative level at the frequency
1300\ kHz should be \(em4.0\ dBr at the input of the frontier cable section.
According to Recommendation\ G.352 one of the Administrations concerned,
chosen by mutual agreement, will have to make up for the slight differences
in
relative level and pre\(hyemphasis at the attended repeater station which lies
closest to the frontier.
.sp 9p
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
6.3
\fIRelative levels in a terminal station; interconnection with\fR
\fIother systems\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Recommendation\ G.213 explains the general principles to be
adopted to facilitate interconnection of different systems in terminal
stations.
.bp
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB7\fR \fBPower\(hyfeeding and alarm systems\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
7.1
\fIPower\(hyfeeding across a frontier\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
In the absence of a special agreement between the Administrations concerned
with a power\(hyfeeding section crossing a frontier, it is recommended
that each Administration power\(hyfeed only those repeater stations in
its own
country. Many Administrations use looped power\(hyfeeding on the two sides of a
power\(hyfeeding station, half of each of the sections between this station and
the adjacent power stations being so fed; they can close the loop at their
frontier stations. Agreements will be necessary if, for example, the frontier
is very far from the mid\(hypoint between the two nearest feeding stations,
or if the Administrations concerned use looped power\(hyfeeding on the
entire section
between two feeding stations.
.PP
If the repeater stations in a country are fed from another country,
special precautions will be required to protect the staff working on the
cables.
.RT
.LP
.sp 1P
.LP
7.2
\fIRemote power\(hyfeeding systems\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The CCITT is studying these systems from the following
viewpoints:
.RT
.LP
\(em
precautions to be taken to protect staff against normal
voltages and remote power\(hyfeed currents, or the use of
voltages and currents which are innocuous to persons working
in repeater stations or on lines;
.LP
\(em
protection of staff and equipment against induced voltages
and currents;
.LP
\(em
trouble in remote power\(hyfeeding operation caused by induced
voltages and currents.
.LP
.sp 1P
.LP
7.3
\fISupervision and alarms in a frontier section\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
This should be governed by agreement between the Administrations
concerned. In particular, it is necessary at the points of interconnection
between two systems that if frequencies are used for monitoring or for
locating faults they be attenuated to a level of \(em50\ dBm0 on the receiving
sides to
prevent any disturbance to similar frequencies used in the system farther
down the line.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Frequencies sent only over a system already withdrawn
from service because of a fault may be selected by each Administration
on the national level.
\v'6p'
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.343\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fB4\ MHz\ SYSTEMS\ ON\ STANDARDIZED\ 1.2/4.4\ mm | fR \fBCOAXIAL\ CABLE\
PAIRS\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.343''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.343 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fI(Geneva, 1964; further amended)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
\fBPreliminary note\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The present Recommendation describes a system designed to carry a maximum
of 960\ carrier telephone channels on a 1.2/4.4 mm coaxial pair (see
Recommendation\ G.622).
.PP
A system of this kind is produced by halving the length of the
repeater section of a 1.3\ MHz system (as described in Recommendation\
G.341) if this length is 8\ km, corresponding to a nominal repeater spacing
of 4\ km for a 4\ MHz system.
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB1\fR \fBLine frequencies\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The CCITT recommends the two plans in Figure\ 1/G.343. Plan\ 1 shows the
supergroup allocations and Plan\ 2 the mastergroup allocations.
.PP
It may be desirable to make provision for the through\(hyconnection of
entire mastergroups or a supermastergroup to this system. This can be effected
in accordance with the frequency arrangement of Plan\ 2 in Figure\ 1/G.343.
.PP
Plan\ 2 uses the three lowest mastergroups in the 12\ MHz system on a
2.6/9.5\ mm coaxial pair. It permits, in particular, direct interconnection
with a 12\ MHz coaxial system using the Plan\ 1A frequency allocation shown
in
Figure\ 1/G.332 and with a radio\(hyrelay link of 900 or 1800 channels operated
according to Recommendation\ G.423 (Figures\ 4/G.423 and\ 8/G.423).
.bp
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB2\fR \fBPilots\fR \fBand additional measuring frequencies\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.1
\fILine\(hyregulating pilots\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The frequencies recommended for the various cases indicated in
\(sc\ 1\ above and shown in Figure\ 1/G.343 are as follows:
.PP
\fIPlan\ 1\fR \ \(em\ The CCITT recommends the use of the following
frequencies:
.RT
.LP
i)
60\ kHz or 308\ kHz for the lower line\(hyregulating pilot;
.LP
ii)
4092\ kHz or 4287\ kHz for the upper line\(hyregulating
pilot.
.PP
However, each Administration, when so requested by another
Administration, should permanently send a line\(hyregulating pilot at
4287\ kHz.
.PP
\fIPlan\ 2\fR \ \(em\ The line\(hyregulating pilots recommended in
Recommendation\ G.332 for the 12\ MHz system in the same frequency band.
.PP
In every instance, the recommended stability is \(+- | \ \(mu\ 10\uD\dlF261\u5\d,
the power level recommended is \(em10\ dBm0, while the tolerances at this
level are the same as in Recommendation\ G.332, \(sc\ 2.1. The harmonics
of the 60 and 308\ kHz
pilot should each have a level not higher than \(em70\ dBm0.
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 23P
.ad r
\fBFigure 1/G.343, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.2
\fIFrequency comparison pilots\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
\fIPlan\ 1\fR \ \(em\ For a national routine frequency check as described
in Recommendation\ G.225, a frequency of either 60\ kHz or 308\ kHz may
be used for the frequency\(hycomparison pilot.
.PP
The power level of a frequency\(hycomparison pilot should be adjusted at
the output of the transmit amplifier, to a nominal value of \(em10\ dBm0.
The
harmonics of the frequency\(hycomparison pilots should each have a level not
higher than \(em70\ dBm0.
.PP
The frequency 1800\ kHz is provisionally reserved for international
frequency comparisons, as required. However, if the Administrations concerned
so desire, this frequency 1800\ kHz may be used for the frequency\(hycomparison
pilot.
.bp
.PP
Administrations concerned with an international carrier system on
coaxial cable may agree to use (if they consider it desirable) one of the
lower line\(hyregulating pilots (either 60 or 308\ kHz) for level control
as well as for frequency checking.
.PP
In any case, it is desirable that one of the following two solutions should
always be applied, so as to allow the line\(hyregulating pilots to be used
at the same time for frequency checking:
.RT
.LP
\(em
provide, in each regulated\(hyline section, a master oscillator
which is regularly compared, directly or indirectly, with a
national frequency standard;
.LP
\(em
if there is no master oscillator in a regulated\(hyline section,
then beyond the junction between the two regulated\(hyline sections
considered, reintroduce the lower line\(hyregulating pilot coming
from the previous section, after its level has been
stabilized.
.LP
.PP
Generally speaking, it is possible for one pilot to have two or
more functions if the Administrations concerned so decide.
.PP
\fIPlan\ 2\fR \ \(em\ The same recommendation as for the 12\(hyMHz system
(Recommendation\ G.332, \(sc\ 2.2).
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.3
\fIAdditional measuring frequencies\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
\fIPlan\ 1\fR \ \(em\ Frequencies that may be used are the following:
.RT
.ce 1000
60, 308, 556, 808, 1056, 1304, 1552, 1800, 2048,
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
2296, 2544, 2792, 3040, 3288, 3536 and 3784\ kHz.
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
The recommended accuracy for the frequency of these signals is
\(+- | 0\ Hz. The power level of these additional measuring frequencies
should be
adjusted at the output of the transmit amplifier to have a nominal value of
\(em10\ dBm0.
.PP
The harmonics of the aditional measuring frequencies below 2.1\ MHz
should each have a level at this point not higher than \(em70\ dBm0.
.PP
\fIPlan\ 2\fR \ \(em\ The additional measuring frequencies recommended for the
12\(hyMHz system in the same frequency band should be used
(Recommendation\ G.332).
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB3\fR \fBHypothetical reference circuits\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The hypothetical reference circuit depends on the line frequency
arrangement.
.PP
With the supergroup arrangement, the first hypothetical reference
circuit for the 1.3\ MHz system, described in Recommendation\ G.341, \(sc\
3.1, is to be used.
.PP
With the mastergroup arrangement, the circuit to be used is:
.RT
.LP
\(em
either the second hypothetical reference circuit for the
1.3\ MHz system, described in Recommendation\ G.341, \(sc\ 3.2,
.LP
\(em
or the first hypothetical reference circuit for the 12\ MHz
system, described in Recommendation\ G.332, \(sc\ 3.1.
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB4\fR \fBNoise\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
Recommendation G.341, \(sc\ 4 applies.
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB5\fR \fBMatching of the coaxial\(hypair impedance\fR \fBand repeater
impedances\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
For an elementary cable section above 4 km in length the sum\ \fIN\fR of
the three terms defined in Recommendation\ G.332, \(sc\ 5) must be at least
equal to the following:
.RT
.LP
\(em
50 dB at 60 kHz,
.LP
\(em
57 dB above 300 kHz,
.LP
with linear variation from 50 dB to 57 dB in the 60\(hy300 kHz band, in
the case of a linear frequency scale.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ These values are based on the assumption that the
attenuation/frequency characteristic does not show any ripple exceeding
\(+- | \ dNp (about \(+- | \ dB) at the end of a homogeneous section 280\
km long. A relaxed
condition was applied at 60\ kHz, as it may be difficult at low frequencies
to obtain a reflection coefficient for the repeater input and output impedances
which is sufficiently small in relation to the impedance of the cable.
.bp
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB6\fR \fBRelative levels and interconnection\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
6.1
\fIRelative level at amplifier output\fR \v'4p'
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\(em
at 4028\ kHz:\ \(em9 | \ dBr, or
.LP
\(em
at 4287\ kHz:\ \(em8.5\ dBr.
.sp 1P
.LP
6.2
\fIPre\(hyemphasis characteristic\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
This is defined by the formula:
\v'6p'
.RT
.ce 1000
\fIA\fR = 10 log
\d10
\u\ 1 +
\fIa\fR \ \ (dB)
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fIA\fR = 10 log
\d10
\u\ 1 +
1
+
$$1o\fIb\fR $$3u
@ left ( { fIf\fR } over { fIf~\dr\u\fR } \(em { fIf~\dr\u\fR } over { fIf\fR } right ) @
$$2x2
$$3e
\ \ (dB)
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
.sp 1
in which the constants are so selected as to give between\ 9 and\ 11\ dB of
pre\(hyemphasis.
.PP
Both of the sets of values below meet this requirement:
.ce 1000
1)\ \fIa\fR \ =\ 10 | \ \ \ \fIb\fR \ =\ 3 | \ \ \ \fIf\fR\d\fIr\fR\u\
=\ 4.7\ MHz
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
2)\ \fIa\fR \ =\ 11.25\ \ \fIb\fR \ =\ 1.56\ \ \fIf\fR\d\fIr\fR\u\ =\ 4.4\ MHz
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
.sp 1P
.LP
6.3
\fIInterconnection in a frontier section of two systems in which the\fR
\fIelementary cable sections are of the same nominal length\fR (this is
true of
two 4\ MHz systems, and also of two 6\ MHz systems)
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
As the relative line levels and the pre\(hyemphasis characteristic are
already covered by recommendations, the interconnection of two systems
in a
frontier section will not give rise to any great difficulty in this case.
The Administration on the receiving side can receive the other Administration's
line levels provided minor adjustments are made in the first main repeater
station (for details, see Recommendation\ G.352).
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
6.4
\fIInterconnection of a 4\ MHz and a 6\ MHz system in a frontier\fR
\fIsection\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
.PP
In the absence of a special agreement between Administrations, the method
described in Recommendation\ G.352 should be applied in this
case.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
6.5
\fIInterconnection at a main station\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
See Recommendation\ G.213.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB7\fR \fBPower\(hyfeeding and alarm systems\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
Recommendation\ G.341, \(sc\ 7) also applies to systems conforming to
the present Recommendation.
\v'6p'
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.344\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fB6\ MHz\ SYSTEMS\ ON\ STANDARDIZED\ 1.2/4.4\ mm | fR \fBCOAXIAL\ CABLE\
PAIRS\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.344''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.344 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fI(Geneva, 1964; further amended)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
\fBPreliminary note\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The present Recommendation describes a 6\ MHz system which may be
used for transmitting a maximum of 1,260\ telephone channels.
.PP
A system of this kind can be produced by halving the length of the
elementary cable section of a 1.3\ MHz system (as described in
Recommendation\ G.341) if this length is 6\ km, corresponding to a nominal
repeater spacing of 3\ km for the 6\ MHz system.
.bp
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB1\fR \fBLine frequencies\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The CCITT recommends the three frequency allocation plans in
Figure\ 1/G.344, each plan forming a whole within the line\(hyfrequency band.
.PP
Plans\ 1 and\ 2 show the supergroup allocations and Plan\ 3 the
mastergroup allocations.
.PP
In Plan\ 1, the supergroups are assembled by means of carriers produced
from a single frequency at 124\ kHz. There are two possible methods of
assembling the supergroups in the band\ 4404 to 5636\ kHz. The first is to use
carriers at 4092, 4340, 4588, 4836 and 5084\ kHz and to keep the upper
modulation band (the first two frequencies being the carriers corresponding
to supergroups\ 15 and\ 16). The second method is to translate the assembly
of
supergroups\ 4 to\ 8, which are those of the basic mastergroup, using a
carrier frequency of 6448\ kHz obtained by multiplying by 4 the carrier
frequency of
1612\ kHz corresponding to supergroup\ 5.
.PP
In Plan\ 2, the five supergroups reversed in band 4332\ to 5564\ kHz
correspond to mastergroup\ 4 of the 12\ MHz line allocation, but they also
represent a plan conveniently obtained with supergroup and group
carrier frequencies.
.PP
Plan\ 3 consists of mastergroups 1\(hy4 of the 12\ MHz system (see \(sc\ 1
of Recommendation\ G.332).
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 29P
.ad r
\fBFIGURE 1/G.344, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB2\fR \fBPilots\fR \fBand additional measuring frequencies\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.1
\fILine\(hyregulating pilots\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The frequencies recommended are 308\ kHz on the one hand, and
4287\ kHz or 6200\ kHz on the other.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ The pilot at 4287\ kHz cannot be used with television
transmissions.
.bp
.PP
In every instance, the recommended stability is \(+- | \ \(mu\ 10\uD\dlF261\u5\d,
the power level recommended is \(em10\ dBm0, while the tolerances at this level
are the same as in Recommendation\ G.332, \(sc\ 2.1. The harmonics of the
308\ kHz
pilot should each have a level not higher than \(em70\ dBm0.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.2
\fIFrequency comparison pilots\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
\fIPlans\ 1 and\ 2\fR \ \(em\ The same recommendation as for the 4\ MHz
system (Recommendation\ G.343, \(sc\ 2.2).
.PP
\fIPlan\ 3\fR \ \(em\ The same recommendations as for the 12\ MHz system
(Recommendation\ G.332, \(sc\ 2.2).
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.3
\fIAdditional measuring frequencies\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
\fIPlans\ 1 and\ 2\fR \ \(em\ All the additional measuring frequencies given
in Recommendation\ G.343 (supergroups) should be used. In addition, in the
frequency band above 4287\ kHz, the following additional measuring frequencies
are recommended:
.RT
.LP
\(em
Plan\ 1: 5680\ kHz,
.LP
\(em
Plan\ 2: 5608\ kHz.
.LP
.PP
However, the harmonics of the additional measuring frequencies
below 2.8\ MHz should comply with the relevant conditions indicated in
Recommendation\ G.343.
.PP
\fIPlan\ 3\fR \ \(em\ The additional measuring frequencies recommended for
the 12\ MHz system in the same frequency band (Recommendation\ G.332) should
be used.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB3\fR \fBHypothetical reference circuits\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
Same Recommendations as for the 4 MHz system (see \(sc\ 3 of
Recommendation\ G.343).
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB4\fR \fBNoise\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
Recommendation\ G.341, \(sc\ 4 applies.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB5\fR \fBMatching of the coaxial\(hypair impedance and repeater\fR
\fBimpedances\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
For an elementary cable section about 3\ km in length the sum\ \fIN\fR
of the three terms defined in Recommendation\ G.332, \(sc\ 5) must be at
least equal
to 60\ dB at all frequencies above\ 300\ kHz.
.PP
A figure of 50\ dB is recommended at 60\ kHz. Between\ 60 and 300\ kHz
the acceptable limit varies progressively.
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB6\fR \fBRelative levels and interconnection\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
6.1
\fIRelative levels at repeater output at 4287\ MHz:\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Approximately \(em17 dBr.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
6.2
\fIPre\(hyemphasis characteristics\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
It has not been possible to reach agreement for recommending a
pre\(hyemphasis characteristic applicable to all cases. The pre\(hyemphasis
used in practice varies between 7 and 14\ dB. Some Administrations use a
pre\(hyemphasis characteristic corresponding to the formula:
\v'6p'
.RT
.ce 1000
\fIA\fR = 10 log
\d10
\u\ 1 +
\fIa\fR \ \ (dB)
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fIA\fR = 10 log
\d10
\u\ 1 +
1
+
$$1o\fIb\fR $$3u
@ left ( { fIf\fR } over { fIf~\dr\u\fR } \(em { fIf~\dr\u\fR } over { fIf\fR } right ) @
$$2x2
$$3e
\ \ (dB)
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
.sp 1
.PP
For the constants, \fIa\fR , \fIb\fR and \fIf\fR\d\fIr\fR\u, the following
figures may be indicated:
.ce 1000
1)\ \fIa\fR \ =\ 10\ \ \fIb\fR \ =\ 2.20\ \ \fIf\fR\d\fIr\fR\u\ =\ 5.75\ MHz
.ce 0
.LP
2)\ \fIa\fR \ =\ 24\ \ \fIb\fR \ =\ 8.50\ \ \fIf\fR\d\fIr\fR\u\ =\ 6.40\ MHz
.bp
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB7\fR \fBInterconnection\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
Interconnection should be in conformity with
Recommendation\ G.352.
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB8\fR \fBPower\(hyfeeding and alarm systems\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
Recommendation G.341 also applies to systems conforming to the
present Recommendation.
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.345\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fB12\ MHz\ SYSTEMS\ ON\ STANDARDIZED\ 1.2/4.4\ mm | fR \fBCOAXIAL\ CABLE\
PAIRS\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.345''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.345 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fI(Mar del Plata,\ 1968; further amended)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
The provisions of this Recommendation are those appearing in Recommendation\
G.332 for systems on 2.6/9.5\ mm coaxial pair, with the exception of the
following provision:
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB5\fR \fBMatching of the coaxial\(hypair impedance and repeater impedances\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
For an elementary cable section about 2\ km in length, the
recommended value of \fIN\fR is 63\ dB throughout the transmitted frequency
band,
\fIN\fR being defined as in Recommendation\ G.332, \(sc\ 5.
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.346\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fB18\ MHz\ SYSTEMS\ ON\ STANDARDIZED\ 1.2/4.4\ mm\fR |
\fBCOAXIAL\ CABLE\ PAIRS\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.346''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.346 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fI(Geneva,\ 1980)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
The provisions of this Recommendation are those appearing in Recommendation\
G.334 for 18\ MHz systems on 2.6/9.5\ mm coaxial pair, with the
exception of the following provision:
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB5\fR \fBMatching of repeater and line impedances\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
For an elementary cable section about 2\ km in length, the
recommended value of \fIN\fR is 63\ dB throughout the transmitted frequency
band,
\fIN\fR being defined as in Recommendation\ G.332, \(sc\ 5.
.RT
.LP
.IP
\fB3.5\ \ Additional\ Recommendations\ on\ cable\ systems\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB
\fBRecommendation\ G.352\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.ce 1000
\fBINTERCONNECTION\ OF\ COAXIAL\ CARRIER\ SYSTEMS\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.352''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.352 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBOF\ DIFFERENT\ DESIGNS\fR
.FS
This
Recommendation applies to 1.3\ MHz, 4\ MHz, 6\ MHz, 12\ MHz, 18\ MHz and
60\ MHz
systems.
.FE
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fI(amended at Mar del Plata, 1968 and Geneva,\ 1980)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
.PP
In every case of interconnection of coaxial carrier systems of
different types at frontiers, some special arrangements are required to
enable the systems to interwork satisfactorily.
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The following points require special attention:
.bp
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB1\fR \fBPilots\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
Each line\(hyregulating pilot should be transmitted on the two systems
to be interconnected, at the same absolute power level (referred to a point
of zero relative level). If the two systems do not use the same frequencies
for
the pilots, each of the stations situated at the ends of the regulated\(hyline
section crossing the frontier should be equipped to send all the pilots
needed by both systems.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB2\fR \fBTransmission conditions\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
For interconnecting systems using different pre\(hyemphasis values and
output levels at national boundaries, Administrations can agree to equalize
the level differences by shortening the frontier cable section and adding
suitable passive equalizer networks as indicated in Annex\ A.
.PP
There may be cases in which even shortening the cable section to zero is
not sufficient to equalize completely the level differences. It is
recommended in these cases that the residual small level differences be
finally corrected in the next main repeater station.
.PP
In some cases it may be feasible to maintain the normal repeater
spacing in the frontier cable section and to accept some level differences
at some intermediate repeaters near the frontier, ancillary gain and correcting
networks being provided in the nearest main station (see Annex\ B).
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB3\fR \fBPower feeding\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
In the absence of a special agreement between the Administrations concerned
in a power\(hyfeeding section crossing a frontier, it is recommended
that each Administration power\(hyfeed only the repeater stations on its own
territory.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB4\fR \fBSupervision and alarms\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
In each particular case, these points should be agreed by
Administrations concerned.
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB5\fR \fBConditions for the\fR
\fBrepeater section\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The CCITT has standardized the dimensions of the coaxial pairs to be used
in the international European telephone network (see
Recommendations\ G.622 and G.623). Nevertheless, this standardization allows
certain variations, so that the coaxial pairs manufactured by different
contractors in different countries may not have exactly the same
characteristics. To ensure uniformity throughout the frontier repeater
section, it is strongly recommended that, by agreement between the two
Administrations concerned the manufacture of the whole section should be
entrusted to the same firm. If the same contractor does not supply the
whole section, the two
Administrations concerned must \fIvery carefully\fR coordinate their detailed
specifications and their methods of laying and jointing, to ensure that the
conditions recommended by the CCITT for the complete elementary cable section
are met.
.PP
As regards matching of the impedance of this repeater section to the impedances
of the two adjacent amplifiers, in the general case of a coaxial
cable section between two adjacent repeaters and used for telephony only,
the CCITT has defined only the permissible limits for the sum\ \fIN\fR
of the three
terms defined in Recommendation\ G.332, \(sc\ 5.
.PP
It is recommended that the Administrations concerned with a coaxial
cable section crossing a frontier, agree on the values for each of these
three terms permissible to meet the above condition\ \(em\ i.e.\ agree
on the use of as
good a match as possible. It is also very desirable that, throughout a
coaxial system the Administrations concerned should agree always to use
the same
methods, particularly in impedance matching, so as to simplify system
maintenance.
.RT
.ce 1000
ANNEX\ A
.ce 0
.ce 1000
(to Recommendation\ G.352)
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.PP
The interconnection of systems using different pre\(hyemphasis values and
output levels, at additional boundaries, can be achieved by the method
shown in Figure\ A\(hy1/G.352. Repeater locations are designated\ I to\ IV, the
different systems used in the two countries are indicated by repeater types\
A and\ B; the dotted lines\ w, x, y and\ z show the possible locations
of the actual frontier. The correcting networks shown between repeater
points\ II
and\ III are
designed in conjunction with
.bp
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
the cable length between\ II and\ III to
compensate
for the differences in level and pre\(hyemphasis of systems\ A and\ B. The
correcting networks may be mounted in the repeater boxes at\ II or at\
III or may be mounted one in each box. Alternatively, they could be mounted
in a separate box between\ II and\ III. The distance between\ II and\ III
will normally be less than the repeater spacing of system\ A or system\
B and could in the limit be
zero, with the repeater boxes\ II and\ III adjacent to one another, the
frontier would then be at\ w or\ z.
.LP
.rs
.sp 13P
.ad r
\fBFigure A\(hy1/G.352, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.PP
Interconnection of two systems can be established by this method, using
only passive interconnecting networks, if the following condition is met:
the repeater input level at any frequency of one system is lower than the
output level of the other system at the same frequency, by a small amount
(say 1\ dB) to allow for the loss of the interconnecting circuit.
.PP
The repeaters of type\ A could be fed with power and supervised from
the nearest power\(hyfeeding station in country\ A and similarly for type\ B
repeaters. If the frontier were located at\ x or\ y, neither of the power\(hyfeeding
and supervisory systems need cross the boundary.
.PP
With this method all repeaters could be of standard types and the
output and pilot levels could be normal. Special correcting networks would
be required.
.RT
.LP
.ce 1000
ANNEX\ B
.ce 0
.ce 1000
(to Recommendation\ G.352)
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.PP
An alternative method to that given in Annex\ A is shown in
Figure\ B\(hy1/G.352, in which the ordinary length of repeater spacing with the
nominal loss\ \fIa\fR is maintained in the frontier cable section. The nominal
relative sending level of system\ I is \fIn\fR\dI\uand that of system\ II is
\fIn\fR\dI\\dI\u. The difference of the relative levels is defined as the
differential pre\(hyemphasis:
\v'6p'
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
?63
\s6pre
.PS 10
\ =\ \fIn\fR\dI\u\ \(em\ \fIn\fR\dI\\dI\u
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
.sp 1
It shall be assumed that ?63\dp\\dr\\de\uis positive over the whole
transmission band and that at the highest transmitted frequency, the sending
levels of the two systems are almost equal. For the adaptation of the relative
levels between system\ I and system\ II it is necessary to introduce an
additional passive correction network ?63
\s6pre
.PS 10
in the direction I\(raII and an additional active correction network
\(em?63
\s6pre
.PS 10
in the direction II\(raI.
.RT
.PP
For reasons associated with the size of the repeater housing and power
supply, it may be desirable to avoid additional amplification in the
frontier section, which usually has underground repeaters with a remote
power supply. There is no great drawback in using the pre\(hyemphasis of
the foreign
incoming system up to the following attended repeater station and to
.bp
.PP
accommodate only in this station the requisite gain for transformation
of the pre\(hyemphasis. In the attended repeater station, there will be
no special
difficulty in getting the necessary space and current for the additional
equipment. The requisite gain in the direction II\(raI (for
.PP
\(em?63
\s6pre
.PS 10
)
and in the direction I\(raII (because of a possible basic loss in the
?63\dp\\dr\\de\unetwork) is supplied by additional amplifiers
which are usually already provided for in attended stations,
to compensate for the basic attenuation of precision equalizers.
.RT
.PP
As indicated in Figure\ B\(hy1/G.352 it may be well to use differential
pre\(hyemphasis for both directions in the same repeater station, for example
on that side of the frontier where there is the system using the smallest
pre\(hyemphasis (higher sending relative level). If we assume as is shown in
Figure\ B\(hy1/G.352 that this is system\ I, the few underground repeaters of
system\ I between the frontier and the attended repeater station will (in
lower channels) be operated with the lower level of system\ II and will
affect the
overall noise performance of the whole system less critically than if the
situation were reversed, such that system\ II were operated at a higher
level.
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 18P
.ad r
\fBFigure B\(hy1/G.352, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.356\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fB(120\ +\ 120)\ CHANNEL\ SYSTEMS\ ON\ A\ SINGLE | fR \fBCOAXIAL\ PAIR\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.356''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.356 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
(For the text of this Recommendation, see Volume III
of the \fIYellow Book\fR , Geneva, 1981)
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.IP
\fB3.6\ \ Other\ carrier\ systems\ on\ open\(hywire\ lines\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
Even though the systems described in the present subsection are
modern, particularly because the audio\(hyfrequency band effectively transmitted
for each telephone channel is from 300 to 3400\ Hz, the general Recommendations
of Section\ 2 cannot be applied to them entirely, having regard to certain
peculiarities of their makeup. For this reason the following special
arrangements have been made.
.bp
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.361\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.ce 1000
\fBSYSTEMS\ PROVIDING\ THREE\ CARRIER\ TELEPHONE\ CIRCUITS\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.361''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.361 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBON\ A\ PAIR\ OF\ OPEN\(hyWIRE\ LINES\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
\fB1\fR \fBStandardized system\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The particular system described below provides three good\(hyquality telephone
circuits in the frequency band above the existing audio circuit. This system
can be arranged below the frequency band shown in Scheme\ I of
Figure\ 1/G.311 for a 12\(hycircuit system.
.PP
The arrangement of line frequencies in this system has been so
specified that when such a system crosses a frontier (perhaps in a completely
uninhabited area) it is not necessary to use modulators and
demodulators.
.PP
Besides the audio circuit, it is possible with this arrangement of
line frequencies to provide either one carrier telephone circuit together
.PP
and one two\(hyway sound\(hyprogramme circuit at 6.4\ kHz or a two\(hyway
sound\(hyprogramme circuit at 10\ kHz (see Recommendations\ J.22\ [1],
J.23\ [2], J.32\ [3] and
J.33\ [4]).
.PP
This system can also include a certain number of telegraph channels
without change to the transmitted frequency band of the carrier circuits.
The bandwidth of the audio circuit, however, is in this case reduced.
.PP
The specification below has been designed for the above particular
case.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1.1
\fIFrequency band transmitted\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The carrier frequency spacing should be 4\ kHz.
.PP
The lower band transmitted to line for one direction of transmission should
be between 4 and 16\ kHz, and the upper band used for the other direction
of transmission should be either 18 to 30\ kHz or 19 to 31\ kHz, so as
to allow the use of staggered carrier frequencies if it is later decided
to use a second similar system on the same pole route (see \(sc\ 1.10 below
and
Figure\ 1/G.361).
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 19P
.ad r
\fBFigure 1/G.361, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.sp 1P
.LP
1.2
\fIRelative power level\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The relative power level at the output of the terminal equipments and intermediate
repeaters, on each channel and for the frequency of this
channel which corresponds to the audio\(hyfrequency 800\ Hz should not
be greater than +17\ dBr.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1.3
\fIPilots\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The pilots are normally 16.110\ kHz for the lower line\(hyfrequency
band and 31.110\ kHz for the upper band. The relative frequency accuracy
recommended for them is \(+- | .5\ \(mu\ 10\uD\dlF261\u5\d. This recommendation
applies to all the four frequency spectra shown in Figure\ 1/G.361. The
power level of the line pilots should be \(em15\ dBm0.
.PP
The upper pilot of 31.110\ kHz is suitable for most Administrations.
Normally it may be expected to give a rather better regulation performance
than a pilot of lower frequency.
.PP
In other cases it may be unsuitable for the following
reasons:
.RT
.LP
1)
The regulation may be affected when the open\(hywire pair is
already equipped with a number of filters designed to separate
12\(hycircuit systems from old\(hytype 3\(hycircuit systems.
.LP
2)
When a single modulation stage is used for the low\(hyfrequency
telephone channels of the standardized system, it is convenient
for interband telegraph channels (see \(sc\ 2 below) to be
located above, rather than below, the frequency band occupied
by the telephone channels in the high\(hyfrequency direction of
transmission.
.PP
The CCITT accordingly recommends that an alternative pilot
frequency of 17.800\ kHz be used, when it is agreed between the Administrations
concerned that the normal pilot frequency of 31.110\ kHz is unsuitable
either
for the reasons given above or to meet other circumstances peculiar to the
route.
.LP
.sp 1P
.LP
1.4
\fIVariation (with frequency) of the overall loss at the output\fR
\fIof the transmit terminal equipment\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
See Recommendation\ G.232, \(sc\ 1.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1.5
\fINon\(hylinearity distortion of all the terminal equipments\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
See Recommendation\ G.232, \(sc\ 7.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1.6
\fICrosstalk in terminal equipments\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
See Recommendation\ G.232, \(sc\ 9.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1.7
\fIImpedance (as seen from the switchboard\(hyjack)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
See Recommendation\ G.232, \(sc\ 11.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1.8
\fIStability of carrier generators\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
So that the effect of the modulations and demodulations never gives rise
to a difference greater than 2\ Hz between the audio\(hyfrequency input
and
the audio\(hyfrequency output at the far end (where there is no intermediate
demodulation and modulation), the stability of the carrier frequency generators
should be such that the frequency is always correct to within
\(+- | .5\ \(mu\ 10\uD\dlF261\u5\d.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
1.9
\fICarrier leak sent to line\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The power level of the carrier leak should not be greater
than:
.RT
.LP
\(em17\ dBm0 for one channel and for each direction of transmission;
.LP
\(em14.5\ dBm0 for all channels of the system taken together and for
each direction of transmission.
.sp 1P
.LP
1.10
\fISeveral systems working on the same route\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The CCITT recommends the four arrangements of frequencies shown in the
diagrams of Figure\ 1/G.361. No order of preference has been decided and
in each particular case the Administrations concerned will choose the most
appropriate scheme(s).
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Also, by agreement between Administrations concerned, the
lower frequency band transmitted to line, Schemes\ 2 and\ 4, may be
inverted.
.bp
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB2\fR \fBSystems using\fR
\fBcommon repeaters for telephony and interband\fR \fBtelegraphy\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
For international traffic, it is necessary to provide for an
open\(hywire system which uses common line repeaters for telephone and
interband telegraph channels.
.RT
.LP
.sp 1P
.LP
2.1
\fILine\(hyfrequency arrangement for telephony\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The arrangement of line frequencies as far as the telephone
channels are concerned would be as shown in \(sc\ 1 above.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.2
\fILine\(hyfrequency arrangements for telegraphy\fR \v'3p'
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
2.2.1
It is recommended that the system should provide four
telegraph channels, the nominal frequencies to be used being as follows:
.LP
a)
\fILow\(hyfrequency direction of transmission\fR
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
3.22,\ 3.34,\ 3.46\ and\ 3.58\ kHz
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
b)
\fIHigh\(hyfrequency direction of transmission\fR
.LP
i)
telephone channels occupying the frequency
band\ 18\(hy30\ kHz:
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
30.42,\ 30.54,\ 30,66\ and\ 30.78\ kHz
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
ii)
telephone channels occupying the frequency
band\ 19\(hy31\ kHz:
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
18.22,\ 18.34,\ 18.46\ and\ 18.58\ kHz
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
.PP
2.2.2
When inband signalling (as distinct from outband signalling at
the edge of the 4\(hykHz band) is employed, it becomes possible to provide two
additional telegraph channels having the following nominal frequencies:
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
a)
\fILow\(hyfrequency direction of transmission\fR
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
3.70\ and\ 3.82\ kHz
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
b)
\fIHigh\(hyfrequency direction of transmission\fR
.LP
i)
telephone channels occupying the frequency
band\ 18\(hy30\ kHz:
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
30.18\ and\ 30.30\ kHz
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
ii)
telephone channels occupying the frequency
band\ 19\(hy31\ kHz:
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
18.70 and 18.82 kHz
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
2.2.3
Where, as a result of agreement between the Administrations
concerned the system has an upper pilot of 17.800\ kHz (see \(sc\ 1.3 above),
the
following frequencies may be used as alternatives to those specified in
\(sc\(sc\ 2.2.1, b)\ ii) and 2.2.2, b)\ ii). This alternative arrangement
permits, in
certain types of systems, a more economical modulation process:
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 1000
31.42,\ 31.54,\ 31.66\ and\ 31.78\ kHz instead of
18.22,\ 18.34,\ 18.46\ and\ 18.58\ kHz
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
also 31.18\ and\ 31.30\ kHz instead of 18.70\ and\ 18.82\ kHz
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
2.3
\fIPower transmitted to line\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The CCITT has not thought it desirable to standardize absolutely
the power transmitted to the line as this may be dependent upon the conditions
on the open\(hywire route. Neither was it thought necessary to differentiate
between amplitude\(hy and frequency\(hymodulated telegraph channels. Under
favourable conditions a typical value for the power on each telegraph channel
would be
\(em20\ dBm0.
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB3\fR \fBOther systems\fR (formerly Part\ C)
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
In some cases it is necessary to operate across a frontier on an
open\(hywire pair, without using demodulators and modulators at the frontier,
using a system providing three good\(hyquality telephone circuits (effective
frequency bandwidth of each circuit\ \(em\ 300 to 3400\ Hz), and having
below about 6\ kHz a frequency band which can be used for other purposes.
In such cases the arrangement of line frequencies should be the subject
of bilateral agreement
between the Administrations concerned. The clauses in \(sc\(sc\ 1.2, 1.4,
1.5, 1.6,
1.7, 1.8 and\ 1.9 above are applicable to all such systems.
.bp
.PP
The carrier frequency spacing could be 4\ kHz, as in all other
recommendations of the CCITT for modern carrier systems. This solution would
permit the use on each telephone channel of outband signalling recognized by
the CCITT (Recommendation\ Q.21\ [5]). As a variant, a system could be
used having a carrier frequency spacing of less than 4\ kHz, but still
providing an effectively transmitted bandwidth of 300\(hy3400\ Hz in each
telephone channel. Such a system would facilitate the provision, if required,
of up to
six telegraph channels using the same line repeaters as the telephone
channels.
.RT
.LP
.sp 1P
.LP
\fIEstablishment of a model questionnaire concerning preliminary\fR
\fIinformation which should be obtained relating to existing\fR \fIopen\(hywire
lines by Administrations wishing to set up multichannel\fR
\fIcarrier telephone systems\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
The\ CCITT
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
\fIunanimously recommends\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
that the following questionnaire should be used:
.PP
(1)
Which communication channels should be set up on carrier systems?
.PP
(2)
Which lines are available for carrier working?
.LP
a)
length of these lines,
.LP
\fI
b)
gauge, nature of wire, distance between wires,
.LP
c)
existing cable sections (location, type and length of
these cables),
.LP
d)
existing transpositions and crossings,
.LP
e)
amongst available lines, are there two or more identical
circuits which could be interchangeable, to which reserve circuits could be
allocated?
.LP
.PP
(3)
What are suitable points for installation of the
repeaters? Where are audio\(hyfrequency repeaters already located on the
lines to be equipped for carrier working?
.PP
(4)
What are the locations of radio\(hytransmitting stations
liable
to interfere with the carrier channels? What power and frequency are used by
these transmitters?
.PP
(5)
Are the new carrier circuits to be connected to other
lines permanently or temporarily?
.PP
Certain lines and offices having been selected as a result of the answers
to the above questions, Administrations should obtain the following
information:
.PP
What are the results of impedance and attenuation measurements made on
each of the proposed line sections throughout the frequency band to be
used?
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBReferences\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
[1]
CCITT Recommendation \fIPerformance characteristics of 10\(hykHz type\fR
\fIsound\(hyprogramme circuits\fR , Vol.\ III, Rec.\ J.22.
.LP
[2]
CCITT Recommendation \fIPerformance characteristics of narrow\(hybandwidth\fR
\fIsound\(hyprogramme circuits\fR , Vol.\ III, Rec.\ J.23.
.LP
[3]
CCITT Recommendation \fICharacteristics of equipment and lines used for\fR
\fIsetting up 10\(hykHz type sound\(hyprogramme circuits\fR , Vol.\ III,
Rec.\ J.32.
.LP
[4]
CCITT Recommendation \fICharacteristics of equipment and lines used for\fR
\fIsetting up 6.4\(hykHz type sound\(hyprogramme circuits\fR , Vol.\ III,
Rec.\ J.33.
.LP
[5]
CCITT Recommendation \fISystems recommended for out\(hyband signalling\fR ,
Vol.\ VI, Rec.\ Q.21.
.bp
.LP
.IP
\fB3.7\ \ \fR \fBInternational\ telephone\ carrier\ systems\ using\ submarine
cable\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.371\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBFDM\ CARRIER\ SYSTEMS\ FOR\ SUBMARINE\ CABLE\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.371''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.371 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fI(Geneva, 1964; further amended)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
\fB1\fR \fBInterconnection with\fR
\fBoverland systems\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
1.1
\fIDefinition of\fR
\fBsubmarine system/overland system\fR
\fBinterconnection point\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
There is a basic difference between overland and submarine systems with
regard to interconnection conditions. In the overland systems we are
concerned with the connection, at a point close to a frontier, of two systems
operated by different Administrations and designed by different manufacturers,
sometimes according to different principles, although they respect the
same
CCITT Recommendations. In submarine systems there is usually one system,
purchased, installed and operated jointly, and built by one manufacturer; in
such systems terminal equipments include special equipment which are studied
in relation to line equipment (remote feeding, equalization, location of
faults,\ etc.) and which cannot be dissociated therefrom. It is this system
as a whole which is interconnected with the overland networks of the two
countries it connects; instead of one frontier point, there are two. This
being so, the interconnection points are defined as the output(s) \fIS\fR
and the input(s) \fIS`\fR of the special equipments which ensure the passage
between the frequency
.PP
allocation used in the submarine cable system and a line\(hytransmitted
frequency allocation for an overland system (or part of such an allocation
plan), so as to enable group, supergroup, or mastergroup translating equipment
(depending on the capacity of the system) which conforms to CCITT Recommendations
to be used on the other side of these interconnection points (see
Figure\ 1/G.371).
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 12P
.ad r
\fBFigure 1/G.371, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.PP
Because the CCITT does not recommend, in the case of a submarine cable
system, the arrangement of line\(hytransmitted frequencies, it is advisable
for the capacity of a system to be defined in terms of the number of groups,
supergroups,\ etc., provided; it being understood that each such group,
supergroup,\ etc., can be made available, if necessary, as a group,
supergroup,\ etc. link for the transmission of wide spectrum signals.
.sp 1P
.LP
1.2
\fIRecommendations concerning the positioning of pilots and\fR
\fIsupervisory signals, etc.\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
.PP
To avoid disturbing the operation of overland systems to which the submarine
cable systems may be interconnected as indicated above, or limiting the
alternative ways in which the system may be used, the CCITT recommends
that submarine cable systems should not use any pilot inside the band of
any group, supergroup,\ etc., transferred to the submarine system across
the interface with the overland network and forming part of the defined
system capacity.
Furthermore, the repeater monitoring (supervisory) signals and remote
signalling frequencies should be located outside each such band and preferably
outside the limits of the band occupied by the telephone channels transmitted
in either direction.
.bp
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ For testing on a system taken out of service, the above
restriction on the frequencies of repeater monitoring signals need not
apply.
.RT
.LP
.sp 1P
.LP
1.3
\fIImpedance and relative power levels\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
If the signal transmitted at an interconnection point is
constituted by a single CCITT multiplexing unit (i.e. a group, supergroup,
etc.) in its basic frequency position, the point\ \fIS\fR can be regarded as
corresponding to the receive side and the point\ \fIS`\fR to the transmit
side of a group, supergroup, etc. distribution frame. The impedance and
relative power
level should be in accordance with Recommendation\ G.233.
.PP
Alternatively, the signal may consist of a number of groups,
supergroups, etc. assembled in the frequency positions occupied on the
line of an overland system. The points\ \fIS\fR and \fIS`\fR then correspond
to the \fIT\fR
(output), and \fIT`\fR (input) of a line link as defined in Recommendation\
G.213. The impedance and relative power level should be in accordance with
Table\ 1/G.213.
.PP
When considering the loading conditions on overland transmission
systems, due attention should be paid to the different conventional load
values mentioned in \(sc\ 3 below.
.RT
.LP
.sp 1P
.LP
1.4
\fILimits for residues of signals outside the transmitted bands\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
In each of the two cases of interconnection considered in \(sc\ 1.3
above, all unwanted signals from the submarine system should be suppressed
according to CCITT Recommendations, particularly Recommendations\ G.242 and
G.243. For this purpose, any necessary filtering additional to that in the
regular equipment on the landline side of the interconnection point\ \fIS\fR
, should be provided in the special equipment of the submarine system.
.PP
It is necessary, as regards the additional filtering in the special
equipment, to take account of the particular line frequency plan used in the
submarine system, the frequency positions and power levels of regulating,
monitoring and supervisory pilots and of speech signals passed over service
channels used for the operation of the submarine system. If these are different
from the normal system arrangements to which the suppression requirements
specified in Recommendations\ G.242, and G.243 were related, then the values
of the suppression provided in the special equipment of the submarine system
need to be adjusted accordingly.
.PP
The suppression conditions which apply at \fIS`\fR for signals originating
in the overland system are those of Recommendation\ G.242 (through connection
of groups, supergroups, etc.). Any supplementary suppression necessary
for the
protection of control signals,\ etc., in the submarine system, should be
provided in the special equipment of the submarine system.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB2\fR \fBFrequency plans\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
It is recommended that circuits be assembled in the basic group,
supergroup, mastergroup, etc. specified by the CCITT (Recommendation\ G.211).
.PP
To obtain a capacity of more than eight groups, but which can reach eight
supergroups, it is recommended to limit the choice to systems providing two,
five or eight supergroups. Because of the need in broadband submarine cable
systems to maximize the economic use of the baseband, the CCITT does not
recommend any specific values for larger capacity systems. In no case does
the CCITT consider it necessary to standardize the line frequency band,
which in
each case is subject to agreement between the two Administrations
concerned.
.PP
It is recommended that at the input and output of the special terminal
equipment, at the interconnection points defined in \(sc\ 1 above, the
groups and possibly the supergroups are assembled in one of the frequency
allocations (or part of such an allocation plan) already recommended by
the CCITT for
interconnection between radio\(hyrelay links and systems on metallic lines;
these allocations are given in Table\ 1/G.423. If the capacity does not
correspond to one of those mentioned in this table, the capacity immediately
above should, of course, be taken.
.PP
It should be noted that these arrangements include the possibilities of
the frequency allocation being a single group, supergroup or
mastergroup,\ etc., in its basic frequency position.
.bp
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB3\fR \fBGeneral transmission conditions\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The systems should satisfy all Recommendations in Sections\ 1 and\ 2 of
the Series\ G Recommendations including: noise, crosstalk, attenuation
distortion, error on the reconstituted frequency, variation of loss with
time. However, for noise calculations it is necessary to specify a conventional
load other than that of Recommendation\ G.223 which applies to carrier
systems on
land cables or radio links. For planning purposes a conventional load value
of \(em13\ dBm0
.FS
Assumes VF telegraphy and data systems operate at an aggregate
power level of \(em13\ dBm0 per audio channel.
.FE
per audio channel should be
used. This value may be relaxed should the planned operating requirements
indicate that a lower power level may exist. Conversely a higher value
might be considered if the systems considerations require this.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB4\fR \fBCables\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
See Subsection\ 6.3 of the Series\ G Recommendations.
.RT
.LP
.sp 45
.bp
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBMONTAGE:\fR PAGE 172 = PAGE BLANCHE
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
.bp
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\v'3P'
SECTION\ 4
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBGENERAL\ CHARACTERISTICS\fR
.ce 0
.ce 1000
\fBOF\
\fBINTERNATIONAL\ CARRIER\ TELEPHONE\ SYSTEMS\fR
.ce 0
.ce 1000
\fBON\ RADIO\(hyRELAY\ OR\ SATELLITE\ LINKS\ AND\ INTERCONNECTION\fR
.ce 0
.ce 1000
\fBWITH\ METALLIC\ LINES\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBCOORDINATION\ OF\ RADIOTELEPHONY\ AND\ LINE\ TELEPHONY\fR .sp 2
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.IP
\fB4.1\ General recommendations\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
.sp 1
\fBRecommendation\ G.411\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.ce 1000
\fBUSE\ OF\
\fBRADIO\(hyRELAY\ SYSTEMS\ FOR\ INTERNATIONAL\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.411''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.411 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBTELEPHONE\ CIRCUITS\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.sp 2P
.LP
The\ CCITT
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
.sp 1P
.LP
\fIunanimously recommends\fR
.FS
This Recommendation is the same as an extract from CCIR Recommendation\
335\ [1].
.FE
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
that, between fixed points, telephone communications should be
effected wherever possible by means of metallic conductors or radio\(hyrelay
links using frequencies above 30\ MHz to make the allocation of
radio
frequencies less difficult and, where this can be realized,
the objective should be to attain the transmission performance recommended
by the CCITT for international telephone circuits on metallic conductors.
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBReference\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
[1]
CCIR Recommendation \fIUse of radio links in international telephone\fR
\fIcircuits\fR , Vol.\ III, Rec.\ 335, Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
.LP
.sp 4
.bp
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.412\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.ce 1000
\fBTERMINAL\ EQUIPMENTS\ OF\ RADIO\(hyRELAY\ SYSTEMS\ FORMING\ PART\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.412''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.412 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBOF\ A\ GENERAL\ TELECOMMUNICATION\ NETWORK\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.sp 2P
.LP
The\ CCITT,
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
\fIconsidering\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
that in Europe, and also in other parts of the world, there is a vast international
telecommunication network which (as well as national
.LP
networks) has been established in conformity with the Recommendations of the
CCITT, particularly as far as the frequency spectrum of the telephone channels
in the frequency band up to 4\ MHz is concerned, and also as regards the
essential technical characteristics of the terminal equipments of all the
carrier systems;
.sp 1P
.LP
\fIconsidering, further,\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
that the increasing introduction of demand working and
semiautomatic telephone service will lead, in the near future, to an
appreciable increase in the number of long\(hydistance national and international
circuits,
.PP
and that consequently, during the next few years, it will be necessary to
install multichannel telephone systems on radio links and to integrate these
links with the general telecommunication network;
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
\fIand considering finally\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
that interconnection of the systems should be made easy and that the task
of the telephone Administrations which will have to use and maintain these
systems should not be unnecessarily complicated;
.sp 1P
.LP
\fIunanimously recommends\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
that, when technically possible and economically desirable,
.LP
.PP
(1)
systems on radio\(hyrelay links should be arranged in such a way that at
points of interconnection with the general telephone
network, the telephone circuits appear assembled in accordance
with the rules already recommended by the CCITT for cable
systems (this rule is covered by Recommendations\ G.421 and
G.423);
.PP
(2)
in all cases channel\(hymodulating equipment should meet the basic specification
clauses given in Recommendation\ G.232.
.LP
.IP
\fB4.2\ \fR \fBInterconnection of radio\(hyrelay links with carrier systems\fR
\fBon metallic lines\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.421\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBMETHODS\ OF\ INTERCONNECTION\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.421''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.421 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
In studying the interconnection of radio\(hyrelay systems, either with
one another or with systems on metallic lines, distinction should be made
between the following cases:
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB1\fR \fBInterconnection at audio\(hyfrequencies\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
.PP
\fINote from the Secretariat\fR \ \(em\ This text relates to FDM radio\(hyrelay
systems which were the subject of Recommenda
tions\ G.432 and\ G.443 (now
both deleted). As far as PCM radio\(hyrelay systems are concerned see CCIR
Report\ 378\ [1].
.FE
This is the normal method, at the present stage of technical
development, whenever a radio\(hyrelay system using time\(hydivision multiplex
is
involved
. Operational requirements may be such that it is also necessary in the
case of frequency\(hydivision multiplex and of systems on metallic
lines.
.bp
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB2\fR \fBInterconnection by through\(hygroup connection\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
With present technical development only radio\(hyrelay links having
frequency\(hydivision multiplex can provide telephone channels assembled in
groups, supergroups, mastergroups, and in some cases, supermastergroups
or in 15\(hysupergroup assemblies
.
.PP
Interconnection between a radio\(hyrelay system using frequency\(hydivision
multiplex and a system on metallic lines can be carried out by
through\(hyconnection of groups, supergroups,\ etc. This is possible because,
according to the provisions of Recommendation\ G.423, the baseband of such a
radio\(hyrelay system corresponds to that of a certain number of groups,
supergroups or mastergroups transmitted to line in coaxial cable systems.
These groups can be obtained from the relevant basic frequency band by
means of
translating equipment already standardized for cable systems in accordance
with CCITT Recommendations.
.PP
Through\(hyconnection should then be carried out in accordance with
Recommendation\ G.242, via the basic frequency range for groups (12\ to
60\ kHz or 60\ to 108\ kHz), for supergroups (312\(hy552\ kHz),\ etc. (see
Recommendation\ G.211 and Figure\ 1/G.211, in particular).
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB3\fR \fBInterconnection in the baseband\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The baseband of frequency\(hydivision multiplex radio\(hyrelay links is
the same as the frequency band of carrier systems on metallic lines, and
interconnection in this band is possible in the conditions specified in
Recommendation\ G.423.
.PP
Direct through\(hyconnection may also be made in this baseband, between
metallic\(hyline systems and radio\(hyrelay links, in accordance with the
general
provisions of Recommendation\ G.242,\ \(sc\ 7.
.PP
For time\(hydivision multiplex radio\(hyrelay links, the baseband had been
defined by the CCIR as \*Qthe series of modulated pulses before it is applied
to the carrier frequency\*U. Interconnection in the baseband of time\(hydivision
radio\(hyrelay links with metallic\(hyline systems has not yet been studied.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB4\fR \fBInterconnection at intermediate frequencies\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB5\fR \fBInterconnection at radio frequencies\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
\(sc\(sc\ 4 and\ 5 concern cases arising only in the interconnection of
two radio\(hyrelay systems and are the concern of the CCIR.
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBReference\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
[1]
CCIR Report \fICharacteristics of digital radio\(hyrelay systems\fR ,
Vol.\ IX, Report\ 378, Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.422\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBINTERCONNECTION\ AT\ AUDIO\(hyFREQUENCIES\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.422''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.422 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
CCIR Recommendation\ 268\ [1] states that, as far as is practicable, radio\(hyrelay
systems for telephony providing circuits which may form part of an international
connection should be such that these circuits conform with the
relevant CCIR Recommendations for modern types of telephone circuit in the
following respects:
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
1)
the transmission characteristics of the circuits between
audio\(hyfrequency terminals (the relevant Recommendations are
contained in Section\ 1 of this Part);
.LP
2)
the characteristics of the multiplex terminal equipment,
where applicable (see Recommendations\ G.232 and G.412);
.LP
3)
the method of signalling over international circuits, the
relevant Recommendations are contained in Volume\ VI;
see also the following Note:
.LP
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Since the CCITT Recommendations mentioned in 2) above
envisage the use of well\(hydefined audio signalling frequencies sent over the
speech path, no signal repetition problems should arise.
.bp
.PP
\fR When different signalling methods are used on a cable system and a
radio\(hyrelay system, equipment will be necessary at the interconnection
point to convert the two types of signalling to a common type, preferably
d.c.
signalling.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBReference\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
[1]
CCIR Recommendation \fIInterconnection at audio frequencies of\fR
\fIradio\(hyrelay systems for telephony\fR , Vol.\ IX, Rec.\ 268,
Dubrovnik,\ 1982.
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.423\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.ce 1000
\fBINTERCONNECTION\ AT\ THE\ BASEBAND\ FREQUENCIES\ OF\ FREQUENCY\(hyDIVISION\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.423''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.423 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBMULTIPLEX\ RADIO\(hyRELAY\ SYSTEMS\fR
.FS
Brought up to date by the Secretariat after the Plenary Assembly of Mar
del Plata,
1968.
.FE
\u,\d
.FS
Similarly to the corresponding CCIR Recommendations, this Recommendation
applies to line\(hyof\(hysight and near line\(hyof\(hysight radio\(hyrelay
systems and also to tropospheric scatter systems of the capacities
concerned.
.FE
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fI(amended at Geneva, 1964)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
\fB1\fR \fBGeneral principles\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The CCIR issued Recommendations\ 380\ [1] and 381\ [2] so that, as
far as possible, radio\(hyrelay links using frequency\(hydivision multiplex
should
have characteristics which allow direct interconnection at baseband frequencies
.PP
with systems of the same capacity on metallic lines having the same line
frequencies.
.PP
Direct interconnection is advantageous, for example, in the following cases:
.RT
.LP
1)
at a junction between a system on metallic lines and a
radio\(hyrelay system of the same capacity, when it is not required
to extract groups of telephone channels;
.LP
2)
at a junction point between a radio\(hyrelay system and a short
cable extension (see \(sc\ 3 below). A cable extension is regarded
as \*Qshort\*U if it does not require its own line\(hyregulating
system.
.PP
The pre\(hyemphasis characteristics at the output of cable system
repeaters have not been fully standardized by the CCITT. Moreover, line
transmission in a repeater section of a system has various special features
due, for example, to the presence of various pilots and to the power feeding
of the repeaters. Further, points\ \fIR\fR and\ \fIT\fR defined in Recommendation\
G.213 may be very near to each other, or they may be linked by several
kilometres of
cable.
.PP
For these reasons, it is unnecessary to provide a direct
interconnection of a telephony radio\(hyrelay link with either a symmetric
cable pair or coaxial cable for a telephone system, such that the input
and output
levels of the relay link correspond exactly to the normal levels at the
input and output of a repeater in the cable system. It is preferable to
make the
interconnection at a point in the telephone equipment where the level is
independent of the frequency. Consequently, interconnection with multiplex
telephone equipment in the baseband of a radio\(hyrelay link (which in
accordance with CCIR Recommendation\ 381\ [2] is always considered to be
at one end of the line\(hyregulating section on a radio\(hyrelay link)
should always be effected in a main repeater station
.FS
Described in \(sc\ 3.18 of Recommendation\ G.211.
.FE
.
Interconnection with another system whether cable or radio\(hyrelay link
will be effected in this station between points\ \fIT\fR and\ \fIT\fR `
defined in
Recommendation\ G.213.
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB2\fR \fBBaseband frequency limits, impedance and relative power levels\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
CCIR Recommendation\ 380\ [1] includes a table which shows
preferred values given by the CCIR for the following:
.RT
.LP
\(em
baseband frequency limits;
.LP
\(em
nominal baseband impedance;
.LP
\(em
input and output relative power levels at the radio
equipment (\fIR\fR ` and \fIR\fR );
.LP
together with an annex on definitions which corresponds to CCITT
Recommendation\ G.213.
.bp
.LP
.PP
Table\ 1/G.423 shows the frequency arrangements, corresponding to the baseband
frequency limits in CCIR Recommendation\ 380\ [1], recommended by
the CCITT for radio\(hyrelay systems that may be interconnected with metallic
lines. These frequency arrangements are produced by CCITT standardized
frequency\(hytranslating equipments for cable systems.
.PP
Figures\ 1/G.423 to 10/G.423 show diagrams of the frequency arrangement
for the radio\(hyrelay baseband, recommended for purposes of interconnection
with coaxial cable systems.
.PP
\fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ All the diagrams in Figures\ 1/G.423 to 10/G.423 show the
line pilots, the mastergroup pilots, the supermastergroup pilots, the
15\(hysupergroup assembly pilots and the additional measuring frequencies which
\fImay\fR be in the band transmitted (see\ \(sc\ 3).
.PP
\fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ The meaning of the symbols used in these Figures
is given at the beginning of this fascicle.
.PP
\fINote\ 3\fR \ \(em\ Some of the diagrams in the figures of other
Recommendations also apply to radio\(hyrelay links (see Table\ 1/G.423).
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB3\fR \fBRegulated\(hyline sections\fR \fB\ \(em\ line\(hyregulating
and other
pilots\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
In CCIR Recommendation\ 381\ [2], the following pilots are
recommended for the regulation of radio\(hyrelay links:
.RT
.LP
1)
a continuity pilot outside the \*Qtotal bandwidth\*U shown in
Table\ 1/G.423;
.LP
2)
a line\(hyregulating pilot with a frequency of 308\ kHz (or
60\ kHz, depending on the radio\(hylink capacity), and a level
of\ \(em10\ dBm0;
.LP
3)
when required, an upper line\(hyregulating pilot of frequency
and level in accordance with CCITT Recommendations for the
relevant cable systems.
.LP
.sp 1P
.LP
3.1
\fIPilot\(hyblocking at an interconnection point\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The CCITT makes the following general recommendations to the CCIR: in all
cases, the level of the continuity pilot of a radio\(hyrelay system should
be reduced so that it is not greater than \(em50\ dBm0 at an interconnection
point with a system on a metallic line.
.PP
This interconnection point normally occurs at the limits of two
regulated\(hyline sections, one of them being on a metallic line and the
other on a radio\(hyrelay system. This being so, at the interconnection
point the following conditions should be observed:
.RT
.LP
1)
the level of any line\(hyregulating pilot on the metallic line
should be reduced so that it is not greater than \(em50\ dBm0,
unless otherwise agreed by the Administrations concerned;
.LP
2)
the absolute power level of any regulating pilot of the
radio\(hyrelay link should be reduced so that it is below
\(em50\ dBm0
.FS
In the case of low\(hycapacity systems (up to
.LP
120\ channels) a line\(hyregulating pilot of 60\ kHz with a level of \(em10\
dBm0 may
be used; in this case the suppression level should conform with the
provisions of the CCITT (Recommendation\ G.243 and Recommendation\ G.322,
\(sc\ 1.4). The level of the line\(hyregulating pilot established by the
CCITT for
lines differs according to whether it concerns coaxial cables or symmetric
pairs (\(em10\ dBm0 for coaxial cables and \(em15\ dBm0 for symmetric pair
systems).
.FE
;
.LP
3)
any other pilot or additional measuring frequency of the
metallic line system that is within the \*Qtotal bandwidth\*U
defined in Table\ 1/G.423 will be freely transmitted over the
radio\(hyrelay system.
.PP
A radio\(hyrelay system may be extended by short cable sections that form
part of the same regulated\(hyline section; there may then be overall
transmission of the pilot on that regulated\(hyline section.
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB4\fR \fBLimits for residues of signals outside the baseband\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The CCITT makes the following recommendations to the CCIR for
residues of signals outside the baseband frequency limits:
.RT
.LP
.PP
4.1
In the absence of any special agreement between
Administrations, the level of any pilot or supervisory signal transmitted
outside the baseband of a radio\(hyrelay system at a frequency not specified by
the CCIR should be reduced, within the radio equipment, to \(em50\ dBm0 at
point\ \fIR\fR .
.bp
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Similarly, in the absence of special agreements between
Administrations, the levels of all pilots or supervisory signals sent over
the cable system outside the baseband of the radio\(hyrelay link should be
reduced, within the equipment of the cable system, to \(em50\ dBm0 at point\
\fIT\fR .
.PP
4.2
If a radio\(hyrelay system service channel, adjacent to a
telephone channel in the baseband, uses the levels, frequency allocation and
signalling levels corresponding to those which would be recommended by the
CCITT for an ordinary telephone channel in the same position in the frequency
spectrum, the channel filters are sufficient to avoid the risk of crosstalk
interference.
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
.PP
4.3
If the condition referred to in \(sc\ 4.2 above is not met, an
additional filter may be necessary and must be provided in the radio
equipment.
.PP
4.4
The frequencies mentioned in \(sc\(sc\ 4.1 and 4.2 above must be
sufficiently distant from the baseband to ensure that the filters (or other
appropriate devices) required to eliminate them do not cause attenuation
distortion in the passband to exceed the recommended values.
.LP
.PP
4.5
To avoid overloading the cable system, the level of any signal
transmitted beyond point\ \fIR\fR outside the baseband must be kept down to
\(em20\ dBm0. Moreover, the level of the total power of the residues of such
signals (including noise and intermodulation products) must be kept down to
\(em17\ dBm0.
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB5\fR \fBOther requirements intended to ensure satisfactory transmission\fR
\fBperformance\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
5.1
\fIReturn loss\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
This characteristic is of great importance for carrier cable
systems, which comprise a number of fairly regularly spaced repeaters. It is
felt that, in the case of radio\(hyrelay systems, the cable sections linking
the radio equipment to the multiplex equipment are generally fairly short
and of
unequal lengths, so that there is little fear of systematic undulation
of the attenuation/frequency characteristic.
.PP
That being so, it is recommended that at interconnection points\ \fIT\fR
and \fIT\fR ` the return loss, in relation to the nominal impedance, should
be at
least 20\ dB throughout the frequency band occupied by the telephone channels.
The main purpose of this recommendation is to facilitate measurements and
maintenance and to ensure some protection against the random reflections
which occur at various points between the equipment and the cable sections;
it takes into account the value of 24\ dB for the return loss at\ \fIR\fR
and\ \fIR\fR `
recommended by the CCIR\ [4].
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ The attention of the CCIR is drawn to the fact that,
if the cables joining the radio equipment to the multiplex equipment in
the
intermediate stations are long enough (for example\ 1 to 2\ km) and not
equipped with amplifiers, systematic reflection effects may occur. These
special cases must be studied in accordance with the principles established
by the CCITT (see Recommendation\ G.214); they do not seem to justify a
general
recommendation.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
5.2
\fIAttenuation/frequency distortion\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
According to the Recommendation cited in\ [5], the levels measured at the
frontier on a high\(hyfrequency cable line section must not deviate at
any frequency by more than \(+- | \ dB from the nominal values, whatever
the
pre\(hyemphasis characteristic used. At point\ \fIT\fR , for a cable system,
one can
expect to find variations of the same order in relation to a flat
characteristic.
.PP
No value is fixed for the radio\(hyrelay links in the Recommendation
cited in\ [6]. The CCIR has recommended\ [7] the same tolerance of \(+- | \
dB at the points\ \fIR\fR and\ \fIR\fR `.
.RT
.LP
.sp 1P
.LP
5.3
\fIVariation of loss with time\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The CCITT is studying the results that can be obtained on cable
line\(hyregulating sections, taking into account Recommendations\ M.530\
[8] and
G.333. When this study is complete, it will be possible to point out to the
CCIR that a similar recommendation would be desirable for radio\(hyrelay
links.
.bp
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 47P
.ad r
\fBTable 1/G.423 T1.423, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.LP
.rs
.sp 9P
.ad r
\fBFigure 1/G.423, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 9P
.ad r
\fBFigure 2/G.423, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 9P
.ad r
\fBFigure 3/G.423, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 10P
.ad r
\fBFigure 4/G.423, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.LP
.rs
.sp 12P
.ad r
\fBFigure 5/G.423, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 9P
.ad r
\fBFigure 6/G.423, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 12P
.ad r
\fBFigure 7/G.423, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 10P
.ad r
\fBFigure 8/G.423, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.LP
.rs
.sp 13P
.ad r
\fBFigure 9/G.423, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 13P
.ad r
\fBFigure 10/G.423, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBReferences\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
[1]
CCIR Recommendation \fIInterconnection at baseband frequencies of\fR
\fIradio\(hyrelay systems for telephony using frequency\(hydivision\fR
\fImultiplex\fR , Vol.\ IX, Rec.\ 380, Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
.LP
[2]
CCIR Recommendation \fIConditions relating to line regulating and other\fR
\fIpilots and to limits for the residues of signals outside the\fR
\fIbaseband in the interconnection of radio\(hyrelay and line systems\fR
\fIfor telephony\fR , Vol.\ IX, Rec.\ 381, Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
.LP
[3]
CCITT Recommendation \fIValve\(hytype systems offering 12\ telephone
carrier\fR \fIcircuits on a symmetric cable pair [(12\fR + \fI12) systems]\fR
, Orange\ Book,
Vol.\ III\(hy1, Rec.\ G.327, Figure\ 1/G.327, ITU, Geneva,\ 1977.
.LP
[4]
CCIR Recommendation \fIInterconnection at baseband frequencies of\fR
\fIradio\(hyrelay systems for telephony using frequency\(hydivision\fR
\fImultiplex\fR , Vol.\ IX, Rec.\ 380, \(sc\ 3, Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
.LP
[5]
CCITT Recommendation \fIBringing a new international carrier system into\fR
\fIservice\fR , Vol.\ IV, Fascicle\ IV.1, Rec.\ M.450, \(sc\(sc\ 2.2 and\
2.3.
.LP
[6]
\fIIbid.\fR , \(sc\ 2.1.
.LP
[7]
CCIR Recommendation \fIInterconnection at baseband frequencies of\fR
\fIradio\(hyrelay systems for telephony using frequency\(hydivision\fR
\fImultiplex\fR , Vol.\ IX, Rec.\ 380, Note\ 7, Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
.LP
[8]
CCITT Recommendation \fIReadjustment to the nominal value of an\fR
\fIinternational group, supergroup, etc., link\fR , Vol.\ IV, Rec.\ M.530.
.bp
.LP
.IP
\fB4.3\ \fR \fBHypothetical reference circuits\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.431\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.ce 1000
\fBHYPOTHETICAL\ REFERENCE\ CIRCUITS\ FOR\ FREQUENCY\(hyDIVISION\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.431''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.431 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBMULTIPLEX\ RADIO\(hyRELAY\ SYSTEMS\fR
.FS
This
Recommendation applies only to line\(hyof\(hysight or near line\(hyof\(hysight
radio\(hyrelay systems.
.FE
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fI(modified at Geneva, 1964)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
\fB1\fR \fBHypothetical reference circuit for radio\(hyrelay systems
providing\fR \fB12 to 60 telephone channels\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The hypothetical reference circuit defined in CCIR
Recommendation\ 391\ [1], for frequency\(hydivision multiplex radio\(hyrelay
systems
with a capacity of 12\ to 60\ telephone channels per radio channel, has
a length of 2500\ km.
.PP
This circuit has for each direction of transmission:
.RT
.LP
\(em
three pairs of channel modulators,
.LP
\(em
six pairs of group modulators,
.LP
\(em
six pairs of supergroup modulators,
.LP
it being understood that a \*Qpair of modulators\*U comprises a modulator and a
demodulator (see Figure\ 1/G.431).
.LP
.rs
.sp 14P
.ad r
\fBFigure 1/G.431, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.PP
This circuit also has six sets of radio modulators and
demodulators, for each direction of transmission, so that they divide the
circuit into six homogeneous sections of equal length (see
Recommendation\ G.322).
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB2\fR \fBHypothetical reference circuit for radio\(hyrelay systems
providing\fR \fBmore than 60 telephone channels\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The hypothetical reference circuit defined in CCIR
Recommendation\ 392\ [2], for frequency\(hydivision multiplex radio\(hyrelay
systems
with a capacity of more than 60\ telephone channels per radio channel, has a
length of 2500\ km.
.PP
This circuit has for each direction of transmission:
.RT
.LP
\(em
three pairs of channel modulators,
.LP
\(em
six pairs of group modulators,
.LP
\(em
nine pairs of supergroup modulators,
.LP
it being understood that a \*Qpair of modulators\*U comprises a modulator and a
demodulator (see Figure\ 2/G.431).
.bp
.LP
.rs
.sp 13P
.ad r
\fBFigure 2/G.431, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.PP
This circuit also has nine sets of radio modulators and
demodulators for each direction of transmission so that they divide the
circuit into nine homogeneous sections of equal length (see
Recommendation\ G.322).
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB
\fBReferences\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
[1]
CCIR Recommendation \fIHypothetical reference circuit for radio\(hyrelay\fR
\fIsystems for telephony using frequency\(hydivision multiplex with a\fR
\fIcapacity of 12 to 60 telephone channels\fR , Vol.\ IX, Rec.\ 391,
Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
.LP
[2]
CCIR Recommendation \fIHypothetical reference circuit for radio\(hyrelay\fR
\fIsystems for telephony using frequency\(hydivision multiplex with a\fR
\fIcapacity of more than 60 telephone channels\fR , Vol.\ IX, Rec.\ 392,
Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
\v'1P'
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.433\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.ce 1000
\fBHYPOTHETICAL\ REFERENCE\ CIRCUIT\ FOR\ TRANS\(hyHORIZON\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.433''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.433 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBRADIO\(hyRELAY\ SYSTEMS\ FOR\ TELEPHONY\ USING\ FREQUENCY\(hyDIVISION\
MULTIPLEX\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fI(Geneva, 1964)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
(See CCIR Recommendation\ 396, Volume\ IX,
Dubrovnik,\ 1986.)
\v'1P'
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.434\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.ce 1000
\fBHYPOTHETICAL\ REFERENCE\ CIRCUIT\ FOR\ SYSTEMS\ USING\ ANALOGUE\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.434''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.434 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBTRANSMISSION\ IN\ THE\ FIXED\(hySATELLITE\ SERVICE\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fI(Geneva, 1964)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
(See CCIR Recommendation\ 352, Volume\ IV,
Dubrovnik,\ 1986.)
.bp
.sp 1P
.RT
.IP
\fB4.4\ \fR \fBCircuit noise\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.441\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.ce 1000
\fBPERMISSIBLE\ CIRCUIT\ NOISE\ ON\ FREQUENCY\(hyDIVISION\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.441''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.441 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBMULTIPLEX\ RADIO\(hyRELAY\ SYSTEMS\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
\fB1\fR \fBDesign objectives for noise on hypothetical reference circuits\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
In CCIR Recommendation 393
.FS
This Recommendation relates
only to \*Qline\(hyof\(hysight\*U radio\(hyrelay systems. Trans\(hyhorizon
radio\(hyrelay systems are dealt with in Recommendation\ 397\ [2].
.FE
[1] it is recommended:
.RT
.PP
\*Q\fB1\fR
that the noise power at a point of zero relative level in any telephone
channel on a 2500\(hykm hypothetical reference circuit for
frequency\(hydivision multiplex radio\(hyrelay systems should not exceed
the values given below, which have been chosen to take account of fading:
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
.PP
The level of uniform\(hyspectrum noise power in a 3.1\(hykHz band must
be reduced by 2.5\ dB to obtain the psophometrically weighted noise power.
.FE
For carrier transmission systems with one minute mean noise power
distributions which are not well defined, the inclusion of another one
minute mean noise clause would be desirable to ensure equivalent performance
for all systems. This clause would specify that:
The mean psophometric noise power over one minute shall not exceed
20 | 00\ pW0p for more than\ 3% of any month.
This clause has not been specifically included because CCIR has
determined that for radio\(hyrelay links the application of clauses\ 1.2.1
and\ 1.2.2 are sufficient to ensure, with high probability, that the additional
clause will also be satisfied.
.FE
1.1
7500\ pW0p, psophometrically weighted,
one\(hyminute mean
power,
for more than 20% of any month;
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
1.2
47 | 00\ pW0p, psophometrically weighted,
one\(hyminute
mean power,
for more than 0.1% of any month;
.PP
1.3
1 | 00 | 00\ pW0, unweighted (with an integrating time of\ 5\ ms),
for more than 0.01% of any month.\*U
.LP
.PP
Adding these values to the 2500\ pW0p of psophometric power allowed for
multiplexing equipment (Recommendation\ G.222, \(sc\ 3) gives the recommended
objectives shown in Recommendation\ G.222, \(sc\ 1.1 for the telephone
transmission and signalling aspect. CCIR Recommendation\ 393\ [1] gives
the conditions for
applying these objectives to radio\(hyrelay systems; these conditions are in
general the same as those given in Recommendation\ G.222, \(sc\ 2 and in
Recommendation\ G.223.
.PP
The CCIR has not yet recommended any noise objectives in connection
with voice\(hyfrequency telegraph transmission. CCITT Recommendation\ G.442
covers this aspect.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB2\fR \fBNoise on real circuits\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
(See CCIR Recommendation\ G.395\ [3].)
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBReferences\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
[1]
CCIR Recommendation \fIAllowable noise power in the hypothetical\fR
\fIreference circuit for radio\(hyrelay systems for telephony using\fR
\fIfrequency division multiplex\fR , Vol.\ IX, Rec.\ 393,
Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
.LP
[2]
CCIR Recommendation \fIAllowable noise power in the hypothetical\fR
\fIreference circuit of transhorizon radio\(hyrelay systems for telephony\fR
\fIusing frequency division multiplex\fR , Vol.\ IX, Rec.\ 397,
Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
.LP
[3]
CCIR Recommendation \fINoise in the radio portion of circuits to be\fR
\fIestablished over real radio\(hyrelay links for FDM telephony\fR , Vol.\ IX,
Rec.\ 395, Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
.bp
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.442\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.ce 1000
\fBRADIO\(hyRELAY\ SYSTEM\ DESIGN\ OBJECTIVES\ FOR\ NOISE\ AT\ THE\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.442''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.442 %'
.ce 0
.ce 1000
\fBFAR\ END\ OF\ A\ HYPOTHETICAL\ REFERENCE\ CIRCUIT\ WITH\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBREFERENCE\ TO\ TELEGRAPHY\ TRANSMISSION\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fI(modified at Geneva, 1964)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
As is shown in Recommendation\ G.222, if the intention is to use on radio
links, amplitude\(hymodulated voice\(hyfrequency telegraph equipment for
50\ bauds conforming to Series\ R Recommendations, then in order to obtain
telegraph connections with the quality indicated in Recommendation\ F.10\ [1],
the design of these radio links should include the objectives recommended
for telephone transmission and signalling and, in addition, should include
the
objectives set out below:
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
.PP
On any telephone channel constituted in accordance with the
hypothetical reference circuit for the type of radio link considered, the
unweighted noise power, measured or calculated with a time\(hyconstant
(integrating time) of 5\ ms and referred to a zero relative level point,
should not exceed 10\u6\d\ pW0 during more than\ 10\uD\dlF261\u5\d (i.e.\
0.001%) of
any month, nor more than 0.1% of any hour.
.PP
Provided that short bursts of high\(hylevel noise due to causes other
than propagation have been reduced to negligible proportions, and assuming
that the fine structure of the noise is the same as white noise, it is
assumed that, in designing line\(hyof\(hysight radio links, the objective
during any month is in
practice equivalent to the following objective:
.PP
The unweighted noise power on a telephone channel at a zero relative point,
calculated from measurements made with an integrating time of 1\ second,
should not exceed 2\ \(mu\ 10\u5\d\ pW0 for more than\ 10\uD\dlF261\u4\d
(i.e.\ for more
than\ 0.01%) of any month.
.PP
With regard to the objective to be met during any hour, it may happen that
on certain radio links unforeseen exceptional propagation conditions may
result in this objective not being met during certain most unfavourable
hours. These hours, called \*Qhours of interrupted telegraph traffic\*U,
will be those
during which a noise level of 10\u6\d\ pW0 is exceeded for more than 36\
seconds.
.PP
Every effort should be made to reduce the number of such hours to a
very small fraction of the total time. Since it follows from the recommended
objective for telephone signalling that the 5\ ms unweighted noise power
should not exceed 10\u6\d\ pW0 during more than 10\uD\dlF261\u4\d (i.e.\
0.01%) of any month,
there should never be more than seven \*Qhours of interrupted telegraph
traffic\*U during a month.
.PP
It may then be expected that the telegraph service will be
satisfactory. Nevertheless, to achieve this object, it may be necessary in
certain cases to select the channels allocated to amplitude\(hymodulated
voice\(hyfrequency telegraphy for 50\ bauds from among those which are
the least
sensitive to propagation noise.
.PP
\fINote\ 1\fR \ \(em\ Use of a measuring instrument having a 5\(hyms time
constant (integrating time) is recommended so as to detect, in particular,
the presence of short high\(hylevel noise bursts, such as those caused
by power supplies and by the equipment. Administrations should take all
possible practical steps to
eliminate such noise.
.PP
It is expected that on the majority of line\(hyof\(hysight radio links
(if not on all) it will be possible to reduce short noise bursts to negligible
proportions, and that for the majority of radio links, any remaining short
high\(hylevel noise bursts will be due to propagation. Noise surges having
a mean power in excess of about 10\u5\d\ pW0 will then last from 1 to 10\
seconds
.PP
and will have an approximately constant level during this period. Under
these conditions, for propagation measurements and preliminary design measurements
for radio links, instruments having a time constant (integrating time) of
1\ second could be used.
.PP
\fINote\ 2\fR \ \(em\ The fraction\ 10\uD\dlF261\u5\d of a month, for a
2500\(hykm circuit, leads to impracticably small fractions of the time
for shorter circuits (for
example, 10\uD\dlF261\u6\d for a 250\(hykm circuit). It is for this reason
that the
practical objective refers to a greater fraction of the time (10\uD\dlF261\u4\d
for
2500\ km), together with a reduced power (2\ \(mu\ 10\u5\d\ pW0), the latter
measured with a time constant (integrating time) of 1\ second.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBReference\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
[1]
CCITT Recommendation \fICharacter error rate objective for telegraph\fR
\fIcommunication using 5\(hyunit start\(hystop equipment\fR , Vol.\ II,
Rec.\ F.10.
.bp
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.444\fR
.FS
Recommendation\ G.443 has been deleted, as
has CCIR Recommendation\ 394.
.FE
.RT
.sp 2P
.ce 1000
\fBALLOWABLE\ NOISE\ POWER\ IN\ THE\ HYPOTHETICAL\ REFERENCE\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.444''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.444 %'
.ce 0
.ce 1000
\fBCIRCUIT\ OF\ TRANS\(hyHORIZON\ RADIO\(hyRELAY\ SYSTEMS\ FOR\ TELEPHONY\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBUSING\ FREQUENCY\(hyDIVISION\ MULTIPLEX\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fI(Geneva, 1964)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
(See CCIR Recommendation\ 397, Volume\ IX, Dubrovnik,\ 1986.)
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.445\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.ce 1000
\fBALLOWABLE\ NOISE\ POWER\ IN\ THE\ HYPOTHETICAL\ REFERENCE\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.445''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.445 %'
.ce 0
.ce 1000
\fBCIRCUIT\ FOR\ FREQUENCY\(hyDIVISION | fR \fBMULTIPLEX\ TELEPHONY\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBIN\ THE\ FIXED\(hySATELLITE\ SERVICE\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fI(Geneva, 1964)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
(See CCIR Recommendation\ 353, Volume\ IV, Dubrovnik,\ 1986.)
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
.IP
\fB4.5\ Radiotelephone circuits\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.451\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBUSE\ OF\ RADIO\ LINKS\ IN\ INTERNATIONAL\ TELEPHONE\ CIRCUITS\fR
.FS
CCIR Recomendation\ 335\ [1].
.FE
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.451''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.451 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.sp 2P
.LP
The\ CCITT,
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
\fIconsidering\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
(a)
that, at the present time, radiotelephone systems
connecting the various countries often employ carrier\(hyfrequencies below
about 30\ MHz
.FS
Further reference to 30\ MHz in this Recommendation means \*Qabout
30\ MHz\*U.
.FE
;
.PP
(b)
that the use of such a radio link, in a long\(hydistance
telephone circuit, implies certain special conditions, which introduce
particular difficulties not encountered when purely metallic connections are
used;
.PP
(c)
that such a radiotelephone circuit differs from a metallic circuit in the
following ways:
.LP
1)
such a radiotelephone circuit is subject to attenuation
variation with the special difficulty of fading;
.LP
2)
such a radiotelephone circuit suffers from noise caused by
atmospherics, the intensity of which may reach, or even exceed,
a value comparable with that of the signal which it is desired
to receive;
.LP
3)
special precautions are necessary in the setting up and
maintenance of such a radiotelephone circuit, to avoid
disturbance of the radio receiver by any radio transmitter and
especially by its own radio transmitter;
.bp
.LP
4)
to maintain the radiotelephone link in the best condition
from the point of view of transmission performance, it is
necessary to take special measures to ensure that the radio
transmitter always operates, as far as possible, under
conditions of full loading, whatever may be the nature and the
attenuation of the telephone system connected to the
radiotelephone circuit;
.LP
5)
it is necessary to take measures to avoid or correct
conditions of abnormal oscillation or cross\(hytalk;
.LP
6)
although the recommended frequency band, to be effectively
transmitted by international landline circuits, has been
determined by a study of the requirements of the human ear, this
band (for a radiotelephone circuit operating at a frequency
below 30\ MHz) may be limited by the necessity of obtaining the
maximum number of telephone channels in this part of the
radio\(hyfrequency spectrum and so that each telephone channel does
not occupy a radio\(hyfrequency band larger than necessary;
.LP
7)
in general, such a radiotelephone circuit is a long\(hydistance
international circuit giving telephone service between two
extended networks, and this fact is of great importance from two
points of view:
.LP
i)
on the one hand, international conversations, in
general, are of great importance to the subscribers and,
on the other hand, they are made in languages which are
not always their mother tongue, so that high quality
reception is particularly important;
.LP
ii)
the public should not be deprived of a very useful
service under the pretext that it does not always satisfy
the degree of excellence desirable for long\(hydistance
communication,
.LP
\fIunanimously recommends\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB1\fR \fBCircuits above 30 MHz\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
that between fixed points, telephone communications should be
effected wherever possible by means of metallic conductors, or radio links
using frequencies above 30\ MHz to make the allocation of radio frequencies
less difficult; where this can be realized, the objective should be to
attain the
transmission performance recommended by the CCITT for international telephone
circuits on metallic conductors;
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB2\fR \fBCircuits below 30 MHz\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
2.1
that since it becomes necessary to economize in the use of the frequency
spectrum, when considering international circuits which consist
mainly of single long\(hydistance radio links operating at frequencies less
than 30\ MHz, it is desirable to use single\(hysideband transmission to
the maximum extent possible, to employ a speech band less than the 300\
to 3400\ Hz
recommended by the CCITT for landline circuits and, preferably, to reduce
the upper frequency of the speech band to 3000\ Hz or less, but not below
2600\ Hz, except in special circumstances;
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
2.2
that, although it will be necessary to tolerate large
variations in noise level on such a radiotelephone circuit, every possible
effort should be made to obtain minimum disturbance to the circuit from
noise and fading by the use of such techniques as full transmitter modulation,
directional antennas and single\(hysideband operation;
.PP
2.3
that, during the time that such a radiotelephone circuit is
connected to an extension circuit equipped with echo suppressors
(voice\(hyoperated switching device), the intensity of disturbing currents
should not be sufficient to operate the echo suppressor frequently;
.LP
.PP
2.4
that such a radiotelephone circuit should be provided with
an echo suppressor to avoid singing or echo disturbance on the complete
circuit, or, preferably, with terminals using the principles of constant
overall transmission loss, as set forth in CCIR Recommendation\ 455\ [2];
.PP
2.5
that such a radiotelephone circuit should be equipped with
automatic gain control to compensate automatically, as far as possible,
for the phenomenon of fading;
.bp
.PP
2.6
that the terminal equipment of such a radiotelephone circuit
should be such that it may be connected, in the same way as any other circuit,
with any other type of circuit;
.PP
2.7
that, where privacy equipment is used, this equipment
should not appreciably affect the quality of telephone transmission;
.PP
2.8
that, when suitable automatic devices are not provided, the
circuit controls should be adjusted, as often as necessary, by an operator
to ensure optimum adjustment of transmitter loading, received volume and
the
operating conditions of the echo suppressor.
.LP
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ Although the requirements contained in \(sc\ 2
are much less severe than those imposed on international landline circuits,
the objective remains to attain the same standards of telephone transmission
in all cases. In view of this, it is desirable that the telephone systems
connected to a radiotelephone circuit should conform to CCITT Recommendations
covering the general conditions to be met by international circuits used
for landline
telephony, especially in respect of equivalent, distortion, noise, echoes
and transient phenomena.
.LP
Bearing in mind the recommendations contained in \(sc\(sc\ 1 and 2, it is
desirable that in each particular case, Administrations
concerned should first reach agreement on how far the standards
usually employed for international landline circuits may be attained in the
case considered. If the technique of \(sc\ 1 can be used,
the objective should be to obtain, as far as possible, the characteristics
recommended by the CCITT for international landline circuits. Otherwise the
Administrations concerned should study the best
solution from the point of view of both technique and economy.
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBReferences\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
[1]
CCIR Recommendation \fIUse of radio links in international telephone\fR
\fIcircuits\fR , Vol.\ III, Rec.\ 335, Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
.LP
[2]
CCIR Recommendation \fIImproved transmission system for HF radiotelephone\fR
\fIcircuits\fR , Vol.\ III, Rec.\ 455, Dubrovnik,\ 1986.
\v'6p'
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.453\fR
.FS
Recommendation\ G.452 has been deleted.
.FE
.RT
.sp 2P
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBIMPROVED\ \fR \fBTRANSMISSION\ SYSTEM\ FOR\ HF\ RADIO\(hyTELEPHONE\
CIRCUITS\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.453''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.453 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
(See CCIR Recommendation\ 455 and Report\ 354 entitled \*UImproved
transmission systems for use over HF\ radiotelephone circuits\*U; Volume\ III,
Dubrovnik,\ 1986.)
\v'6p'
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
.IP
\fB4.6\ Devices associated with radiotelephone circuits\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.464\fR
.FS
Recommendations\ G.461, G.642 and\ G.463 have
been deleted.
.FE
.RT
.sp 2P
.ce 1000
\fBPRINCIPLES\ OF\ THE\ \fR \fBDEVICES\ USED\ TO\ ACHIEVE\ PRIVACY\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.464''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.464 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBIN\ RADIOTELEPHONE\ CONVERSATIONS\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
(See CCIR Recommendation\ 336, Volume\ III,
Dubrovnik,\ 1986.)
.bp
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
.IP
\fB4.7\ Links with mobile stations\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.471\fR
.RT
.sp 2P
.ce 1000
\fBCONDITIONS\ NECESSARY\ FOR\ \fR \fBINTERCONNECTION | fR \fBOF\ MOBILE\
RADIOTELEPHONE\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.471''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.471 %'
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBSTATIONS\ AND\ INTERNATIONAL\ TELEPHONE\ LINES\fR
.FS
\fINote by\fR
\fIthe Secretariat\fR \ \(em\ The XVth CCIR Plenary Assembly (Geneva, 1982)
has deleted Recommendation\ 77\(hy3.
.FE
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.PP
(See CCIR Recommendation\ 77\(hy3, Volume\ VIII, ITU,
Geneva,\ 1978.)
\v'6p'
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBRecommendation\ G.473\fR
.FS
Recommendation\ G.472 has been deleted.
.FE
.RT
.sp 2P
.ce 1000
\fBINTERCONNECTION\ OF\ A\ MARITIME\ MOBILE\ SATELLITE\ SYSTEM\ WITH\fR
.EF '% Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.473''
.OF '''Fascicle\ III.2\ \(em\ Rec.\ G.473 %'
.ce 0
.ce 1000
\fBTHE\ INTERNATIONAL\ AUTOMATIC\ SWITCHED\ TELEPHONE\ SERVICE;\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fBTRANSMISSION\ ASPECTS\fR
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.ce 1000
\fI(Geneva,\ 1980)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.ce 0
.sp 1P
.LP
\fB1\fR \fBPurpose\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
In an international connection which includes a maritime mobile
station, the maritime satellite system may be regarded from a transmission
viewpoint as analogous to a national network, and the ship terminals as
somewhat analogous to subscriber terminals within that network.
.PP
When a mobile station in a maritime satellite service is connected to a
subscriber in the international automatic switched telephone network, the
connection should, as far as possible, provide to each
party a transmission quality which is not inferior to that recommended
for an international
connection between two terrestrial telephone subscribers
(e.g.\ Rec.\ G.111\ [1]).
.PP
The purpose of this Recommendation is to specify various transmission characteristics
of the maritime satellite system which will ensure compliance with the
above objective.
.PP
Should the recommended characteristics not be obtained, the
transmission quality offered may not be in keeping with the importance,
value and cost of the service.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB2\fR \fBDefinitions\fR (See Figure 1/G.473)
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
The following terms are necessary when describing the transmission performance
of the maritime mobile satellite system. (Space\(hydivision switching of
analogue signals is assumed at the maritime centre and at the maritime
terminal. However, digital switching and transmission could in due time
replace their analogue counterparts. This replacement would logically be
reflected in the text of this document where the word analogue is presently
being
used.)
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.1
\fBmaritime mobile satellite system (maritime system)\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\ syst\*`eme mobile maritime \*`a satellites (syst\*`eme\fR
\fImaritime)\fR
.LP
\fIS:\ sistema m\*'ovil mar\*'itimo por sat\*'elite (sistema\fR
\fImar\*'itimo)\fR
.PP
All of a temporary connection between a telephone at a \fImaritime\fR \fIterminal\fR
, and the 4\(hywire virtual analogue switching points of an
international
switching centre. It comprises a \fImaritime terrestrial circuit\fR , a
\fImaritime\fR \fIsatellite circuit\fR and a \fImaritime local system\fR
.
.bp
.RT
.LP
.sp 1P
.LP
2.2
\fBmaritime terrestrial circuit\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\ circuit terrestre due syst\*`eme maritime\fR
.LP
\fIS:\ circuito mar\*'itimo terrenal\fR
.PP
A 4\(hywire circuit in a wholly\(hyterrestrial transmission medium,
between a 4\(hywire switch at an international exchange and an analogue
4\(hywire
interface at a \fImaritime centre\fR . In some situations it may traverse
a national boundary so that for the purpose of this Recommendation it is
not regarded as a national circuit.
.RT
.LP
.sp 1P
.LP
2.3
\fBmaritime satellite circuit\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\ circuit maritime par satellite\fR
.LP
\fIS:\ circuito mar\*'itimo por sat\*'elite\fR
.PP
A 4\(hywire circuit between an analogue interface at a maritime
centre, via a satellite repeater to a 4\(hywire or 2\(hywire analogue interface
(which may be a switching device) at a \fImaritime terminal\fR .
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.4
\fBmaritime local system\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\ syst\*`eme local maritime\fR
.LP
\fIS:\ sistema mar\*'itimo local\fR
.PP
All equipment between the 4\(hywire or 2\(hywire interface (which may be
a switching device) at a maritime terminal, and a 2\(hywire or a 4\(hywire
telephone within the boundary of that terminal. It may include a 4\(hywire
or 2\(hywire
switching device using analogue switching.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.5
\fBmaritime centre\fR (shore station)
.FS
This term used for the
purpose of this Recommendation is defined as \fIcoast\(hyearth\(hystation\fR
in the Radio Regulations (Article\ 1, No.\ 71)\ [18]).
.FE
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\ centre maritime\fR | station terrienne c\* | ti\*`ere)
.LP
\fIS:\ centro mar\*'itimo\fR | estaci\*'on terrena costera)
.PP
A satellite earth station which
provides a 4\(hywire analogue interface for connection to a maritime terrestrial
circuit.
.PP
\fINote\fR \ \(em\ For some nontransmission functions, a maritime centre
may be classified as a CT. For the purpose of this Recommendation, a maritime
centre is not regarded as a CT, but is an intermediate point in a maritime
system.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
2.6
\fBmaritime terminal\fR
.FS
This term used for the purpose of this
Recommendation
is defined as \fIship\(hyearth\(hystation\fR in the Radio Regulations (Article\
1,
No.\ 73)\ [19]).
.FE
.sp 9p
.RT
.LP
\fIF:\ terminal maritime\fR
.LP
\fIS:\ terminal mar\*'itimo\fR
.PP
A terminal station (in a maritime mobile
satellite system) which provides a 4\(hywire analogue interface for connection
to a maritime local system.
.bp
.RT
.LP
\fR
.LP
.rs
.sp 39P
.ad r
\fBFigure 1/G.473, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB3\fR \fBConnections to the terrestrial network\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
Figure\ 2/G.473 shows how a telephone connection may be established between
a maritime terminal\ MT1 or\ MT2 and a terrestrial subscriber on
local exchange\ LE1 in Country No.\ 1 or a subscriber on local exchange LE2
in Country No.\ 2.
.PP
A connection from MT1 to LE2 for example, might be routed
via\ MC1, the international chain, and the national chain of Country No.\ 2,
or via MC2 and the national chain of Country No.\ 2. Other possible
connections involving\ MT1, MT2, LE1 and\ LE2 may be inferred from
the figure.
.PP
The essential point to note is that a connection involving an MT and
an LE can incur a limiting international chain; therefore the transmission
performance of the maritime system must be no worse than the limiting
performance of a national system, if the transmission quality of connections
between a maritime terminal and a terrestrial subscriber is not to be inferior
to that recommended between two terrestrial subscribers in an international
connection.
.bp
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 47P
.ad r
\fBFigure 2/G.473, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB4\fR \fBThe \fR \fBmaritime satellite system\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
\fB
4.1
\fICorrected reference equivalents\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
Since the reference equivalents of any individual maritime system ought
to be under the full control of the designer, without undue economic
penalty, the long\(hyterm objectives of Recommendation\ G.121\ [2] should
apply.
.PP
Therefore the planning values of the corrected reference equivalents of
a maritime system should lie within the following ranges:
.RT
.LP
Sending: 11.5 to 13 dB.
.LP
Receiving: 2.5 to \ 4.0 dB.
.PP
These values are referred to the virtual analogue switching points of the
international circuits to which the maritime system can be directly
connected. (See Figures\ 1/G.473 and\ 2/G.473, for a graphical description
of the extent of the maritime system. See also Figure\ 3/G.473.)
.LP
.sp 1P
.LP
4.2
\fILoss of path a\(hyb\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The loss between the points\ a and\ b (Figure\ 1/G.473) shall be not less
than 12\ dB over the bandwidth\ 0 to\ 4\ kHz for all three types of maritime
local system, and for all circuit\(hystates during the setting\(hyup, occupation,
and clearing down of the maritime system. Any echo\(hycontrol device should
be
rendered inoperative when checking compliance with this clause. This
requirement also serves to control listener\(hyecho effects on full\(hyduplex
data
transmission when echo suppressors are disabled.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB5\fR \fBThe \fR \fBmaritime local system\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
5.1
\fICorrected reference equivalents\fR \v'3p'
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
5.1.1
The reference equivalents of the maritime local system
depend on the type of switching at the maritime terminal and the type of
telephone. They are referred to the switch, and should lie within the
ranges given in Table\ 1/G.473.
.LP
.rs
.sp 13P
.ad r
\fBTable 1/G.473 T1.473, p.
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.PP
5.1.2
In Type\ B and Type\ C local systems, the sidetone
reference equivalent of the shipboard installation should exceed 17\ dB
when the 4\(hywire paths are properly terminated and no go\(hyto\(hyreturn
path is present.
Achievement of this objective may require particular attention to the
impedances involved, e.g.\ the balance network in the telephone instrument.
.PP
The same objective also stands for a Type\ A local system, but is likely
to be more readily achieved.
.bp
.sp 1P
.LP
5.2
\fIGo\(hyto\(hyreturn cross talk\fR | Type A local system only)
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
When an echo suppressor is not fitted in a Type\ A installation, the linear
go\(hyto\(hyreturn crosstalk ratio, measured at any frequency in the range\
300 to 3400\ Hz from the shipboard 4\(hywire switchpoints towards an off\(hyhook
telephone, should exceed 55\ dB. The measurement includes the effects of
electrical crosstalk attenuation (e.g\ between cable pairs) and the acoustic
path between the earpiece and mouthpiece of the telephone handset.
.PP
When an echo suppressor is fitted in a Type\ A installation, the
go\(hyto\(hyreturn crosstalk ratio of the local system may be less than the
requirement of Recommendation\ G.131\ [3] (43\ dB), depending on the requirements
of nontelephony services.
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB6\fR \fBThe \fR \fBmaritime satellite circuit and the maritime terrestrial\fR
\fBcircuit\fR (Figure 1/G.473)
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
.sp 1P
.LP
6.1
\fIScope\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The requirements of \(sc\ 6 apply to the overall 4\(hywire path
between the international virtual analogue switching points with the
switchpoints at the maritime terminal. It is for the agencies jointly concerned
in the connection of the maritime satellite system to the international
telephone network to assign the allowable impairments to the circuit sections
involved.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
6.2
\fITransmission loss\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The planning values of transmission loss in each direction are
given in Table\ 2/G.473.
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 15P
.ad r
\fBTable 2/G.473 T2.473, p.
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.PP
If any signal\(hydependent services (e.g.\ compandors) are included
in the maritime satellite circuit, the 800\(hyHz test tone used for measuring
the loss should be set at the unaffected level (see\ [4]) of those devices.
(This
level is normally 0\ dBm0, but other levels may be encountered in some
designs of equipment.)
.PP
See Figure\ 3/G.473 for a graphical description of these losses and the
associated relative levels.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
6.3
\fIEffectively\(hytransmitted bandwidth\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The preferred nominal frequency band is\ 300 to 3400\ Hz, so as to
ensure satisfactory speech quality on international connections. However,
it is recognized that economic and/or technical considerations may favour
a reduced nominal bandwidth; if so, the latter should be not less than\
300 to
3000\ Hz.
.bp
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 47P
.ad r
\fBFigure 3/G.473, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.LP
.bp
.sp 1P
.LP
6.4
\fIAttenuation distortion\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The loss, relative to the loss at 800\ Hz, should lie within the
limits given in Table\ 3/G.473 when the nominal bandwidth is\ 300 to 3400\ Hz.
When the nominal bandwidth is\ 300 to\ 3000\ Hz, the bracketed values supersede
the corresponding upper limits, but the remaining values still apply.
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 12P
.ad r
\fBTable 3/G.473 T3.473, p.
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
6.5
\fICrosstalk\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The requirements of the Recommendation cited in\ [5] apply.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
6.6
\fINoise\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
As the circuit may contain speech\(hydependent devices
(e.g.\ compandors) the customary specification of idle\(hycircuit noise is
inadequate. Therefore, the near\(hyterm objective is given by the solid
lines in Figure\ 4/G.473, which relate subjectively equivalent speech signal\(hyto\(hynoise
ratio (dB)\ [6] to mean speech power level (dBm0, time average while active).
.PP
The long\(hyterm objective is given by the dashed lines shown in
Figure\ 4/G.473, expressing the performance likewise in terms of equivalent
signal\(hyto\(hynoise ratio. It is recognized that it might be difficult,
with the
maritime mobile satellite facilities of today, to comply with the long\(hyterm
objective. When practicable, however, it is expected that the system in the
future will comply with this objective.
.RT
.sp 1P
.LP
6.7
\fIEcho control\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
The echo loss a\(hyt\(hyb shall conform to the Recommendations cited in
[7] and\ [8] i.e.\ not less than 56\ dB. An echo control device is always
required at the terrestrial end.
.PP
When a 2\(hywire telephone is used at the maritime terminal, an echo
control device is also required at the maritime terminal.
.PP
When a 4\(hywire telephone is used at the maritime terminal, the echo
loss may be sufficient without the use of an echo control device. If it
is not sufficient, an echo control device is recommended at the maritime
terminal.
.PP
The echo control device should comply with the appropriate clauses of Rec.\
G.161\ [9], G.164\ [10] and\ G.165\ [11].
.RT
.LP
.sp 1P
.LP
6.8
\fIGroup\(hydelay distortion\fR
.sp 9p
.RT
.PP
No recommendation is made concerning group\(hydelay distortion when
the maritime system is used in the automatic switched international telephone
service\ [6].
.PP
When a maritime system is connected at a terminal international centre
to an international line (Recommendation\ M.1010\ [12]) to form part of
a
special\(hyquality international leased circuit, the group\(hydelay distortion
of the overall circuit must comply with the requirements of the Recommendation
cited in\ [13].
.bp
.RT
.LP
.rs
.sp 34P
.ad r
\fBFigure 4/G.473, p.\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.ad b
.RT
.sp 2P
.LP
\fB7\fR \fBApplication of this Recommendation\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.PP
Supplement No.\ 23 provides explanatory notes for the information of designers
of maritime satellite systems, and illustrates various practical
realizations of systems which will comply with this Recommendation.
.RT
.LP
.sp 2P
.LP
\fBReferences\fR
.sp 1P
.RT
.LP
[1]
CCITT Recommendation \fICorrected reference equivalents (CREs) in an\fR
\fIinternational connection\fR , Red Book, Vol.\ III, Rec.\ G.111.
.LP
[2]
CCITT Recommendation \fICorrected reference equivalents (CREs) of\fR
\fInational systems\fR , Red Book, Vol.\ III, Rec.\ G.121.
.LP
[3]
CCITT Recommendation \fIStability and echo\fR , Vol.\ III, Rec.\ G.131.
.LP
[4]
CCITT Recommendation \fICharacteristics of compandors for telephony\fR ,
Vol.\ III, Rec.\ G.162, \(sc\ 1.
.LP
[5]
CCITT Recommendation \fIGeneral performance objectives applicable to
all\fR \fImodern international circuits and national extension circuits\fR
,
Vol.\ III, Rec.\ G.151, \(sc\(sc\ 4.1 and\ 4.2.3.
.LP
[6]
CCITT manual \fITransmission planning of switching telephone networks\fR ,
Chapter\ III, Annex\ 4, ITU, Geneva,\ 1976.
.bp
.LP
[7]
CCITT Recommendation \fIEcho\(hysuppressors suitable for circuits having\fR
\fIeither short or long propagation times\fR , Orange\ Book, Vol.\ III\(hy1,
Rec.\ G.161, B, ITU, Geneva,\ 1977.
.LP
[8]
CCITT Recommendation \fIInfluence of national networks on stability and\fR
\fIecho losses in national systems\fR , Vol.\ III, Rec.\ G.122, \(sc\ 1.
.LP
[9]
CCITT Recommendation \fIEcho\(hysuppressors suitable for circuits having\fR
\fIeither short or long propagation times\fR , Orange\ Book, Vol.\ III\(hy1,
Rec.\ G.161, ITU, Geneva,\ 1977.
.LP
[10]
CCITT Recommendation \fIEcho suppressors\fR , Vol.\ III, Rec.\ G.164.
.LP
[11]
CCITT Recommendation \fIEcho cancellers\fR , Vol.\ III, Rec.\ G.165.
.LP
[12]
CCITT Recommendation \fIConstitution and nomenclature of international\fR
\fIleased circuits\fR , Vol.\ IV, Rec.\ M.1010.
.LP
[13]
CCITT Recommendation \fICharacteristics of special quality international\fR
\fIleased circuits\fR , Vol.\ IV, Rec.\ M.1020, \(sc\ 2.3.
.LP
[14]
CCITT Recommendation \fICorrected reference equivalents (CREs) in an\fR
\fIinternational connection\fR , Red Book, Vol.\ III, Rec.\ G.111, \(sc\ 1.1.
.LP
[15]
CCITT Recommendation \fIThe international routing plan\fR , Vol.\ VI,
Rec.\ Q.13.
.LP
[16]
CCITT Recommendation \fIThe transmission plan\fR , Vol.\ III, Rec.\ G.101.
.LP
[17]
CCITT Recommendation \fITransmission losses, relative levels and\fR
\fIattenuation distortion\fR , Orange\ Book, Vol.\ III\(hy1, Rec.\ G.141,
\(sc\ A.a),
ITU, Geneva,\ 1977.
.LP
[18]
\fIRadio Regulations\fR , Article\ 1, No.\ 71, ITU, Geneva,\ 1980.
.LP
[19]
\fIIbid.\fR , No.\ 73.
.LP
.rs
.sp 32P
.ad r
blanc\fR
.ad b
.RT
.LP
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.sp 2P
.LP
\fBMONTAGE:\fR PAGE 200 = PAGE BLANCHE
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